EPD-IES-0033455:002
Cold-Rolled Coil (SPCC-1B)
Cold-Rolled Coil (SPCC-1B) is a flat steel product supplied as cold-rolled steel sheet in coil form. The product is manufactured through an aggregated production route comprising pickling, cold reduction, skin-pass and tension levelling, followed by packaging. Supporting operations include acid regeneration and industrial effluent treatment. It is supplied in different grades, thicknesses and widths according to the applicable product standard and customer specification.
This EPD represents the production-weighted average of the SPCC-1B product range manufactured by Mycron Steel CRC Sdn. Bhd. during the 2025 reporting period. Differences in grade, thickness and width are treated as specification variations within the same SPCC-1B product group. Further information about the product and Mycron Steel CRC Sdn. Bhd. is available at: https://www.mycronsteel.com/
General information
| EPD Owner | MYCRON STEEL CRC SDN BHD |
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| Registration number | EPD-IES-0033455:002 |
| EPD type | EPD of multiple products based on the average results of the product group |
| Status | Valid |
| Version date | 2026-07-22 |
| Validity date | 2031-07-21 |
| Standards conformance | ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 |
| Licensee | EPD Southeast Asia |
| Geographical scope | Malaysia |
| An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD. | |
Programme information
| Programme | International EPD System |
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| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
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| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
Verification
| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
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| Third-party verifier | Stephen Forson (ViridisPride) |
| Approved by | The International EPD® System |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | MYCRON STEEL CRC SDN BHD |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | Shobita Sree Gunasegaran |
| Contact person e-mail | shobita@mycronsteel.com |
| Organisation address | LOT 717, JALAN SUNGAI RASAU, SEKSYEN 16 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR 40200 SHAH ALAM Malaysia |
| LCA Practitioner | Galaxy Tech Solutions KL Sdn Bhd, lca@galaxytechsolutions.my |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
Mycron Steel CRC Sdn. Bhd. (MSCRC) is a Malaysian manufacturer of flat steel products based in Shah Alam, Selangor. The company produces Hot-Rolled Pickled Coil (HRPO) and Cold-Rolled Coil products, including SPCC-1B and SPCC-SD, for use as intermediate steel inputs in downstream manufacturing and construction-related applications. MSCRC’s operations include route-specific steel processing, packaging and supporting environmental treatment systems. The company maintains certified management systems covering quality, environmental management, energy management, and occupational health and safety.
Organisation images
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | Cold-Rolled Coil (SPCC-1B) |
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| Product identification | Product name: Cold-Rolled Coil (SPCC-1B) Product form: Cold-rolled steel sheet supplied in coil form Surface finish: Bright finish Thickness range: 0.20–2.00 mm Width range: 700–1,250 mm HS code: 7209 UN CPC code: 41221 Applicable grades and standards: JIS G3141; mechanical properties and other technical requirements are subject to the applicable product and customer specifications. |
| Product description | Cold-Rolled Coil (SPCC-1B) is a flat steel product supplied as cold-rolled steel sheet in coil form. The product is manufactured through an aggregated production route comprising pickling, cold reduction, skin-pass and tension levelling, followed by packaging. Supporting operations include acid regeneration and industrial effluent treatment. It is supplied in different grades, thicknesses and widths according to the applicable product standard and customer specification. This EPD represents the production-weighted average of the SPCC-1B product range manufactured by Mycron Steel CRC Sdn. Bhd. during the 2025 reporting period. Differences in grade, thickness and width are treated as specification variations within the same SPCC-1B product group. Further information about the product and Mycron Steel CRC Sdn. Bhd. is available at: https://www.mycronsteel.com/ |
| Technical purpose of product | SPCC-1B is intended for use as an intermediate cold-rolled flat steel input for downstream steel products and possible construction-product applications. It may undergo further cutting, forming, fabrication, coating or other customer-specific processing before final use. The final application, required mechanical properties and suitability of the product depend on the applicable grade, downstream processing and customer specification. A product lifespan or reference service life is not declared because SPCC-1B is an intermediate steel product and the use-stage modules are not included in this EPD. |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | Cold-Rolled Coil (SPCC-1B) is manufactured by Mycron Steel CRC Sdn. Bhd. at its manufacturing facility in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Hot-rolled coil is processed through an aggregated manufacturing route comprising pickling, cold reduction, skin-pass and tension levelling, followed by product finishing and packaging. Acid regeneration and industrial effluent treatment are included as supporting operations. The manufacturing system accounts for relevant raw materials, energy and water, chemicals, consumables and packaging, as well as outputs such as the finished SPCC-1B product, scrap, scheduled waste and treated effluent. To protect confidential manufacturing information, the internal process configuration, operating parameters and detailed material flows are not publicly disclosed. The manufacturing route is therefore presented only at the level shown in the process flow diagram. Distribution packaging required for product protection and delivery is included as an input to the product-stage assessment. |
| Material properties | Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 |
| Manufacturing site | Mycron Steel CRC Sdn Bhd Lot 717, Jalan Sungai Rasau, Seksyen 16, 40200 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 40200 Selangor Malaysia |
| UN CPC code | 41221. Flat-rolled products of non-alloy steel, not further worked than cold-rolled, of a width of 600 mm or more |
| Geographical scope | Malaysia |
| Geographical scope description | This EPD represents Cold-Rolled Coil (SPCC-1B) manufactured by Mycron Steel CRC Sdn. Bhd. at its manufacturing facility in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The foreground manufacturing data are based on primary production and operational records for this single Malaysian manufacturing site for the period 1 January to 31 December 2025. Malaysia-specific background datasets are used where available and relevant, including purchased grid electricity. Where suitable Malaysia-specific datasets are unavailable, representative regional, rest-of-world or global datasets are applied and documented in the LCA model. |
Product images
Content declaration
| Content declaration of multiple products | This content declaration represents the production-weighted average composition of the SPCC-1B product group for 2025, covering the declared grades, thicknesses and widths. |
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| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
Product content
| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finished steel coil product | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
Packaging materials
| Material name | Mass, kg | Mass-% (versus the product) | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| OPP Tape | 0.006 | 0.0006 | 0 |
| Plastic Sheet | 0.006 | 0.0006 | 0 |
| Bailing Hoop 25 & 32 | 0.773 | 0.0773 | 0 |
| Bailing Seal 25 & 32 | 0.04 | 0.004 | 0 |
| VCI Paper | 0.007 | 0.0007 | 0.0035 |
| Inner and Outer Ring | 0.789 | 0.0789 | 0 |
| Steel Sheet | 0.259 | 0.0259 | 0 |
| Total | 1.88 | 0.188 | 0.0035 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | ||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | Finished saleable Cold-Rolled Coil (SPCC-1B) at factory gate Mass: 1000 kg |
| Conversion factor to mass | 1 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Do infrastructure and capital goods contribute more than 10% to the A1-A3 (A1-A5 for services) results of any environmental impact indicator declared in the EPD? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.12 database |
| LCA Software | OpenLCA 2.6.0 |
| Additional information about the underlying LCA-based information | The LCA uses attributional modelling and production-weighted average primary data for SPCC-1B manufacturing from 1 January to 31 December 2025. Foreground data from Mycron Steel CRC Sdn. Bhd. are combined with ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S background datasets. The system boundary covers A1–A3, C1–C4 and Module D. Module D is reported separately and is not aggregated with Modules A–C. All available foreground material and energy inputs, emissions, wastes and product outputs relevant to the declared product were included in the LCA model. The cut-off rules were applied in accordance with PCR 2019:14 and EN 15804. The inventory includes at least 99% of the mass and energy inflows for each unit process and at least 95% of the mass, energy and environmental relevance for the applicable aggregated life-cycle modules. Any excluded flows were assessed as insignificant. Allocation was avoided where process-specific information was available. For shared manufacturing inputs and outputs, allocation was performed using a physical, production-based approach based on the respective production quantities. The SPCC-1B results represent the production-weighted average of the SPCC-1B product range manufactured during the 2025 reporting period. A single production-weighted average LCA result is declared for the product group. Product-specific results by grade, thickness and width were not separately modelled. Therefore, the numerical variation entered in the EPD reporting format reflects that the same declared average result applies to all covered variants and does not represent a separately calculated variation between individual product specifications. |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | Environmental impacts were calculated using the EN 15804+A2 characterisation method based on EF 3.1. The same characterisation method was applied consistently to A1–A3, C1–C4 and Module D. GWP-GHG is reported using the openLCA impact category “PCR – Global warming potential except emissions and uptake of biogenic carbon (GWP-IOBC/GHG) – v3.1”. No manual recalculation of GWP-GHG was applied. |
| Technology description including background system | Cold-Rolled Coil (SPCC-1B) is manufactured from incoming hot-rolled coil at the MSCRC Shah Alam facility. The manufacturing route includes continuous pickling, 6-high cold reduction, skinpass and tension levelling, followed by cold-rolled coil packaging. Supporting utility, environmental treatment and site operations are included within the manufacturing system. The foreground system includes raw materials, inbound transport, electricity, water, natural gas, kerosene where applicable, industrial gases, chemicals, lubricants, production consumables, packaging, scrap, waste, scheduled waste and treated effluent. Upstream and downstream background processes are modelled using ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S datasets, with Malaysian datasets used where available and representative regional or global datasets applied where suitable local datasets were unavailable. The declared end-of-life scenario assumes 85% recycling and 15% disposal. Potential benefits and loads from recovered steel are reported separately in Module D. |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | Data quality was assessed for technological, geographical and temporal representativeness, as well as completeness, precision and consistency. Primary foreground data cover the full 2025 calendar year and represent actual SPCC-1B production operations at the MSCRC Shah Alam manufacturing site. Secondary and proxy data are taken from ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S, using dataset-specific reference years and Malaysian, regional or global datasets as available. The assessment covers at least 80% of each declared environmental impact indicator. The main limitation is the use of representative upstream HRC datasets instead of supplier-specific verified data. |
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Data quality assessment
| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturing of SPCC-1B | Collected Data | Mycron Steel CRC Sdn Bhd | 2025 | Primary data | 0% |
| Production of hot-rolled steel input | Database | ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S, hot-rolled, low-alloyed steel dataset | Dataset-specific | Representative secondary data | 0% |
| Generation of electricity used in SPCC-1B manufacturing | Collected Data + Database | MSCRC 2025 electricity records and ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S, Malaysia medium-voltage electricity | 2025 activity data | Primary data | 4.99% |
| Inbound transport of raw materials to manufacturing site | Collected Data + Database | MSCRC supplier-origin, distance and tonne-kilometer calculation with ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S | 2025 activity data | Primary data | 1.24% |
| Other materials, packaging and waste-treatment processes | Collected Data + Database | MSCRC activity records and ecoinvent 3.12 Cutoff, S | 2025 activity data | Representative | 0% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 6.23% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
Electricity data
| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of electricity mix | Residual electricity mix on the market | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 17.8% |
| Wind | 0% | |
| Solar | 0% | |
| Biomass | 0% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0% | |
| Nuclear | 0% | |
| Natural gas | 34.2% | |
| Coal | 45% | |
| Oil | 0.6% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 2.4% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 0.84 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
| Method used to calculate residual electricity mix | The Malaysian residual grid mix is represented by the national grid electricity mix, based on Malaysia’s 2021 generation data. No contractual instruments were applied. The ecoinvent 3.12 Cut-off, S Malaysia medium-voltage electricity market dataset was used, with a GWP-GHG intensity of 0.835 kg CO₂ eq./kWh. |
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System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | a) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D). |
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| Excluded modules | Yes, there is an excluded module, or there are excluded modules |
| Justification for the omission of modules | Modules A4, A5 and B1–B7 are not declared because delivery, installation, use and final application scenarios vary for these intermediate steel coil products. Modules C1–C4 and D are declared using applicable steel end-of-life scenarios. Biogenic carbon and related resource-use flows from paper-based packaging are balanced in Module A3 because Module A5 is not declared. |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | Global | Global | Malaysia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 6.23% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description of the process flow diagram(s)
The diagram covers raw-material supply, inbound transport, and manufacturing of SPCC-1B through continuous pickling, 6-high cold reduction, skinpass and tension levelling, and packaging. End-of-life Modules C1–C4 and potential recycling benefits in Module D are also included.
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | 85% recycling / 15% landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | The default end-of-life scenario assumes that 85% of the steel product is recovered for recycling and 15% is disposed of in landfill. Module C1 covers deconstruction or dismantling, Module C2 covers transport to the recycling and disposal facilities, Module C3 covers sorting and preparation of the recovered steel scrap for recycling, and Module C4 covers final disposal of the non-recovered fraction. Module D separately reports the potential benefits and loads associated with the recovered steel scrap beyond the system boundary. The scenario is applied per declared unit of 1 tonne of finished steel product. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C | 85% recyc./15% landfill |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module C | 85% recycling and 15% landfill disposal of steel at end of life. |
| Description of the default scenario in module C | The end-of-life scenario is based on a rounded 1,000 kg steel product basis per declared unit. Of this amount, 850 kg is sent to recycling processing and 150 kg is sent directly to landfill. A 95% recycling efficiency is applied, resulting in 807.5 kg reaching the end-of-waste state and 42.5 kg of recycling processing loss. The total quantity finally disposed of is therefore 192.5 kg, comprising 150 kg direct landfill disposal and 42.5 kg recycling processing loss. Transport to recycling and landfill facilities is assumed to be 80 km by a 16–32 tonne EURO 5 lorry at 50% load factor. |
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Recovery system - recycling | 850 | kg |
| Disposal - final deposition | 192.5 | kg |
| Transportation | 80 | km |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D | Steel recycling |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module D | 807.5 kg recovered steel substitutes conventional steel production. |
| Description of the default scenario in module D | Module D reports the potential benefits and loads from 807.5 kg of recovered steel reaching the end-of-waste state. A quality factor of 1.0 is applied, with no supplier-specific secondary steel deduction. Module D is reported separately from Modules A–C. |
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Net recovered steel for substitution | 807.5 | kg |
| Quality factor | 1 | Dimensionless |
Additional scenario 1
| Name of the additional scenario | 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | All 1,000 kg is sent to recycling. A 95% recycling efficiency is applied. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | All 1,000 kg of steel is sent to the recycling route. At 95% recycling efficiency, 950 kg reaches the end-of-waste state and 50 kg is disposed of as recycling processing loss. Transport distance is 80 km. |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Recovery system - recycling | 1000 | kg |
| Disposal - final deposition | 50 | kg |
| Transportation | 80 | km |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | Module D reports the potential benefits and loads from 950 kg of recovered steel reaching the end-of-waste state. A quality factor of 1.0 is applied. |
|---|
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Net recovered steel for substitution | 950 | kg |
| Quality factor | 1 | Dimensionless |
Additional scenario 2
| Name of the additional scenario | 100% landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | All 1,000 kg is sent to landfill with no recycling recovery. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | All 1,000 kg of steel is transported 80 km to landfill for final disposal. No recycling processing, re-use or energy recovery is included. |
|---|
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Disposal - final deposition | 1000 | kg |
| Transportation | 80 | km |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | No material is sent to recycling. Therefore, no recovered steel substitution benefit or associated Module D load is declared. |
|---|
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Net recovered steel for substitution | 0 | kg |
Environmental performance
The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 2.61E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.99E-1 | 1.62E+1 | 4.39E+0 | 1.12E-1 | -6.82E+2 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 2.60E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.99E-1 | 1.62E+1 | 4.36E+0 | 1.12E-1 | -6.80E+2 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | 3.55E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.40E-5 | 3.98E-3 | 1.54E-2 | 1.23E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 2.58E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.03E-5 | 7.11E-3 | 1.06E-2 | 1.13E-5 | -3.52E-1 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 2.18E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.13E-9 | 2.21E-7 | 7.41E-8 | 1.72E-9 | -1.00E-6 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 1.10E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.56E-3 | 5.51E-2 | 3.23E-2 | 9.97E-4 | -2.91E+0 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.60E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.40E-6 | 2.01E-4 | 9.54E-5 | 3.93E-7 | -1.28E-1 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 2.53E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.67E-3 | 1.76E-2 | 1.28E-2 | 4.67E-4 | -7.78E-1 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 2.76E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.82E-2 | 1.94E-1 | 1.40E-1 | 5.11E-3 | -6.00E+0 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 9.46E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.47E-3 | 7.62E-2 | 4.22E-2 | 1.53E-3 | -2.03E+0 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1, 2 | kg Sb eq. | 1.73E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.48E-7 | 5.48E-5 | 2.34E-6 | 4.15E-8 | -1.27E-3 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 2.92E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.17E+0 | 2.23E+2 | 5.45E+1 | 1.45E+0 | -6.31E+3 |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 1.21E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.30E-2 | 1.17E+0 | 6.59E-1 | 3.63E-3 | -3.85E+2 |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of the impact categories abiotic depletion of minerals and metals may be highly uncertain in LCAs that include capital goods/infrastructure in generic datasets, in case infrastructure/capital goods contribute greatly to the total results. This is because the LCI data of infrastructure/capital goods used to quantify these indicators in currently available generic datasets sometimes lack temporal, technological and geographical representativeness. Caution should be exercised when using the results of these indicators for decision-making purposes. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 2.61E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.99E-1 | 1.62E+1 | 4.39E+0 | 1.12E-1 | -6.82E+2 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter emissions | PM | Disease incidence | 2.37E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.02E-7 | 1.25E-6 | 7.44E-7 | 2.85E-8 | -1.03E-4 |
| Ionizing radiation - human health | IRP1 | kBq U235 eq. | 3.30E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.97E-4 | 7.03E-2 | 7.99E-3 | 2.51E-4 | 1.68E+1 |
| Eco-toxicity - freshwater | ETP-fw2, 3 | CTUe | 1.70E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.25E-1 | 5.12E+1 | 6.91E+0 | 1.47E-1 | -9.71E+3 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | HTP-c2, 3 | CTUh | 2.55E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.83E-11 | 2.61E-9 | 3.85E-10 | 1.07E-11 | -8.94E-7 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | HTP-nc2, 3 | CTUh | 4.45E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.82E-10 | 1.35E-7 | 1.17E-8 | 1.91E-10 | -7.02E-5 |
| Land-use related impacts/soil quality | SQP2, 3 | Dimensionless | 8.57E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.58E-1 | 1.32E+2 | 5.01E+0 | 1.00E-1 | -9.55E+2 |
| Acronyms | PM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 3 | The results of the impact categories land use, human toxicity (cancer), human toxicity, noncancer and ecotoxicity (freshwater) may be highly uncertain in LCAs that include capital goods/infrastructure in generic datasets, in case infrastructure/capital goods contribute greatly to the total results. This is because the LCI data of infrastructure/capital goods used to quantify these indicators in currently available generic datasets sometimes lack temporal, technological and geographical representativeness. Caution should be exercised when using the results of these indicators for decision-making purposes. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 2.70E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.24E-2 | 3.11E+0 | 1.86E+0 | 9.08E-3 | 1.37E+2 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 2.70E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.24E-2 | 3.11E+0 | 1.86E+0 | 9.08E-3 | 1.37E+2 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 2.92E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.17E+0 | 2.23E+2 | 5.45E+1 | 1.45E+0 | -6.31E+3 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 2.92E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.17E+0 | 2.23E+2 | 5.45E+1 | 1.45E+0 | -6.31E+3 |
| SM | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| FW | m3 | 1.76E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.11E-4 | 2.89E-2 | 1.54E-2 | 8.71E-5 | 2.18E+1 |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 2.93E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.68E-2 | 1.55E+0 | 3.21E-1 | 4.71E-3 | 7.82E+1 |
| NHWD | kg | 1.11E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.38E-2 | 2.03E+1 | 4.05E+0 | 1.93E+2 | -1.48E+4 |
| RWD | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MFR | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 8.08E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MER | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | This additional scenario assumes 100% of the steel product is sent for recycling, compared with the default scenario of 85% recycling and 15% landfill. No direct landfill disposal is included; all 1,000 kg is transported to recycling and processed in Module C3. |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential - total (GWP-total) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.99E-1 | 1.62E+1 | 5.17E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.03E+3 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.99E-1 | 1.62E+1 | 5.13E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.02E+3 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.40E-5 | 3.98E-3 | 1.81E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.03E-5 | 7.11E-3 | 1.24E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -1.27E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) | kg CFC-11 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.13E-9 | 2.21E-7 | 8.71E-8 | 0.00E+0 | -1.14E-5 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Acidification potential, accumulated exceedance (AP) | mol H+ eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.56E-3 | 5.51E-2 | 3.81E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -8.32E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) | kg P eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.40E-6 | 2.01E-4 | 1.12E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -1.34E-1 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) | kg N eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.67E-3 | 1.76E-2 | 1.51E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -1.87E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) | mol N eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.82E-2 | 1.94E-1 | 1.65E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -2.04E+1 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) | kg NMVOC eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.47E-3 | 7.62E-2 | 4.97E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -6.77E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE) | kg Sb eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.48E-7 | 5.48E-5 | 2.75E-6 | 0.00E+0 | -1.57E-2 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.17E+0 | 2.23E+2 | 6.41E+1 | 0.00E+0 | -2.14E+4 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) | m3 world eq. deprived | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.30E-2 | 1.17E+0 | 7.75E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -7.27E+2 |
| Additional mandatory environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential (GWP-GHG) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.99E-1 | 1.62E+1 | 5.17E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.03E+3 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Particulate matter emissions (PM) | Disease incidence | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.02E-7 | 1.25E-6 | 8.75E-7 | 0.00E+0 | -2.00E-4 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Ionizing radiation, human health (IRP) | kBq U235 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.97E-4 | 7.03E-2 | 9.40E-3 | 0.00E+0 | -2.40E+1 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Eco-toxicity - freshwater (ETP-fw) | CTUe | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.25E-1 | 5.12E+1 | 8.13E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -1.48E+4 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Human toxicity, cancer effect (HTP-c) | CTUh | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.83E-11 | 2.61E-9 | 4.52E-10 | 0.00E+0 | -2.20E-6 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Human toxicity, non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) | CTUh | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.82E-10 | 1.35E-7 | 1.38E-8 | 0.00E+0 | -3.97E-5 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Land use related impacts/Soil quality (SQP) | dimensionless | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.58E-1 | 1.32E+2 | 5.90E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -7.21E+3 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PERE) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.24E-2 | 3.11E+0 | 2.19E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.15E+3 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Total use of renewable primary energy (PERT) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.24E-2 | 3.11E+0 | 2.19E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.15E+3 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of non renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PENRE) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.17E+0 | 2.23E+2 | 6.41E+1 | 0.00E+0 | -2.14E+4 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.17E+0 | 2.23E+2 | 6.41E+1 | 0.00E+0 | -2.14E+4 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of secondary material (SM) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of non-renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Net use of fresh water (FW) | m3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.11E-4 | 2.89E-2 | 1.81E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -6.61E+0 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories | Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.68E-2 | 1.55E+0 | 3.78E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -2.65E+3 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories | Non-hazardous waste disposed (NHWD) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.38E-2 | 2.03E+1 | 4.77E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -9.62E+3 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories | Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Components for re-use (CRU) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Materials for recycling (MFR) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 9.50E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Materials for energy recovery (MER) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Exported electrical energy (EEE) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Exported thermal energy (EET) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | |||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | 100% landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | This additional scenario assumes 100% of the steel product is sent to landfill, compared with the default scenario of 85% recycling and 15% landfill. No recycling processing or Module D recycling benefit is included. |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential - total (GWP-total) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.99E-1 | 1.62E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 5.80E-1 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.99E-1 | 1.62E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 5.80E-1 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.40E-5 | 3.98E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 6.40E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.03E-5 | 7.11E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 5.86E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) | kg CFC-11 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.13E-9 | 2.21E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 8.91E-9 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Acidification potential, accumulated exceedance (AP) | mol H+ eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.56E-3 | 5.51E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 5.18E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) | kg P eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.40E-6 | 2.01E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 2.04E-6 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) | kg N eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.67E-3 | 1.76E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 2.42E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) | mol N eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.82E-2 | 1.94E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 2.65E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) | kg NMVOC eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.47E-3 | 7.62E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.96E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE) | kg Sb eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.48E-7 | 5.48E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 2.15E-7 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.17E+0 | 2.23E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.52E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Core environmental impact indicators | Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) | m3 world eq. deprived | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.30E-2 | 1.17E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 1.89E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional mandatory environmental impact indicators | Global warming potential (GWP-GHG) | kg CO2 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.99E-1 | 1.62E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 5.80E-1 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Particulate matter emissions (PM) | Disease incidence | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.02E-7 | 1.25E-6 | 0.00E+0 | 1.48E-7 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Ionizing radiation, human health (IRP) | kBq U235 eq. | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.97E-4 | 7.03E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 1.31E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Eco-toxicity - freshwater (ETP-fw) | CTUe | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.25E-1 | 5.12E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 7.63E-1 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Human toxicity, cancer effect (HTP-c) | CTUh | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.83E-11 | 2.61E-9 | 0.00E+0 | 5.57E-11 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Human toxicity, non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) | CTUh | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.82E-10 | 1.35E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 9.92E-10 | 0.00E+0 |
| Additional voluntary environmental impact indicators | Land use related impacts/Soil quality (SQP) | dimensionless | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.58E-1 | 1.32E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 5.21E-1 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PERE) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.24E-2 | 3.11E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 4.72E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Total use of renewable primary energy (PERT) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.24E-2 | 3.11E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 4.72E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of non renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PENRE) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.17E+0 | 2.23E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.52E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.17E+0 | 2.23E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.52E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of secondary material (SM) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Use of non-renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Indicators describing resource use | Net use of fresh water (FW) | m3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.11E-4 | 2.89E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 4.52E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories | Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.68E-2 | 1.55E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 2.45E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories | Non-hazardous waste disposed (NHWD) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.38E-2 | 2.03E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.00E+3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing waste categories | Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Components for re-use (CRU) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Materials for recycling (MFR) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Materials for energy recovery (MER) | kg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Exported electrical energy (EEE) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Environmental information describing output flows | Exported thermal energy (EET) | MJ, net calorific value | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | |||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Information related to EPDs of multiple products
| Description of how the averages have been determined | The results represent a production-weighted average of the SPCC-1B product group based on verified primary production data for 1 January–31 December 2025. Material, energy, utility, packaging, waste and emission data were allocated to the SPCC-1B production route and scaled using the total finished saleable SPCC-1B production volume of 8,677 tonnes. Differences in grade, thickness and width are treated as specification variations within the same product type and are not declared separately. The average applies only to SPCC-1B and excludes HRPO and SPCC-SD. |
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Abbreviations
ADP-fossil – Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources
ADP-minerals & metals – Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil mineral and metal resources
AP – Acidification potential
ARP – Acid Regeneration Plant
B2B – Business-to-business
CO₂ – Carbon dioxide
CO₂ eq. – Carbon dioxide equivalent
CPL – Continuous Pickling Line
DU – Declared unit
EOL – End-of-life
EPD – Environmental Product Declaration
EP-freshwater – Eutrophication potential, freshwater
EP-marine – Eutrophication potential, marine
EP-terrestrial – Eutrophication potential, terrestrial
FW – Net use of fresh water
GHG – Greenhouse gas
GPI – General Programme Instructions
GWP-biogenic – Global warming potential, biogenic
GWP-fossil – Global warming potential, fossil
GWP-GHG – Global warming potential excluding biogenic carbon dioxide emissions and uptake
GWP-luluc – Global warming potential from land use and land-use change
GWP-total – Global warming potential, total
HRC – Hot-rolled coil
HRPO – Hot-Rolled Pickled Coil
HWD – Hazardous waste disposed
IETS – Industrial Effluent Treatment System
JIS – Japanese Industrial Standard
LCA – Life cycle assessment
LCI – Life cycle inventory
LCIA – Life cycle impact assessment
MER – Materials for energy recovery
MFR – Materials for recycling
MSCRC – Mycron Steel CRC Sdn. Bhd.
ND – Not declared
NHWD – Non-hazardous waste disposed
NRSF – Use of non-renewable secondary fuels
ODP – Ozone depletion potential
PCR – Product Category Rules
PENRE – Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding resources used as raw materials
PENRM – Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials
PENRT – Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources
PERE – Use of renewable primary energy excluding resources used as raw materials
PERM – Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials
PERT – Total use of renewable primary energy resources
POCP – Photochemical ozone creation potential
RSF – Use of renewable secondary fuels
RWD – Radioactive waste disposed
SM – Use of secondary material
UN CPC – United Nations Central Product Classification
WDP – Water deprivation potential
References
Broadbent, C. (2016). Steel’s recyclability: demonstrating the benefits of recycling steel to achieve a circular economy. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21, 1658–1665.
ecoinvent Association. ecoinvent database, version 3.12, Cutoff, S system model. Zurich: ecoinvent Association.
EPD International AB. General Programme Instructions for the International EPD System, version 5.0.1. Published 27 February 2025.
EPD International AB. PCR 2019:14 Construction products, version 2.0.1. Publication date: 5 June 2025. Valid until: 7 April 2030.
European Commission. Environmental Footprint method, EF 3.1, as implemented in the EN 15804+A2 impact assessment method used in openLCA.
European Committee for Standardization. EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 Sustainability of construction works — Environmental product declarations — Core rules for the product category of construction products. Brussels: CEN.
European Committee for Standardization. EN 15941:2024 Sustainability of construction works — Data quality for environmental assessment of products and construction works — Selection and use of data. Brussels: CEN.
GreenDelta GmbH. openLCA software, version 2.6.1. Life cycle assessment modelling software.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — Principles and procedures. Geneva: ISO.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework. Geneva: ISO.
International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines. Geneva: ISO.
Japanese Standards Association. JIS G 3141, Cold-reduced carbon steel sheets and strips.
Suruhanjaya Tenaga. Malaysia Energy Statistics Handbook 2023. Malaysia Energy Commission. Referenced for Malaysia electricity generation mix based on National Energy Balance 2021.
worldsteel. Sustainable Steel: At the core of a green economy. World Steel Association.
Version history
Version 001, 2026-07-22
- Original version of the EPD