EPD-IES-0033251:001
P60 Composite Railway Sleeper
The railway sleepers are made from plastic collected from German industries and consumers. The material consists of a mixture of production scrap from automotive doors and roofs, including flax-fibre material coated with polypropylene (PP), and post-consumer recycled low-density polyethylene (PE). The railway sleepers support and hold the rails in place.
General information
| EPD Owner | Banprodukter Norden AB |
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| Registration number | EPD-IES-0033251:001 |
| EPD type | EPD of a single product from a manufacturer/service provider |
| Status | Valid |
| Version date | 2026-09-24 |
| Validity date | 2031-09-24 |
| Standards conformance | ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 |
| Geographical scope | Sweden |
| An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD. | |
Programme information
| Programme | International EPD System |
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| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
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| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
Verification
| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
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| Third-party verifier | Katrin Molina-Besch (Miljögiraff AB) |
| Approved by | The International EPD® System |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | Banprodukter Norden AB |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | Pierre Sundström |
| Contact person e-mail | pierre@banprodukter.se |
| Organisation address | Moje 107 78530 Gagnef Sweden |
| LCA Practitioner | Desirée Östblom, desiree.ostblom@sweco.se Annie Johansson, annie.johansson@sweco.se felix.jansson@sweco.se, felix.jansson@sweco.se |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
Banprodukter Norden AB is a company that markets and sells products, materials, and tools for the construction and maintenance of railway infrastructure. Its product range includes turnouts, buffer stops, rails, sleepers, fastening materials, and railway-related tools and spare parts for track machines and excavators. Banprodukter also offers sales, rental, repair, and maintenance services for rail-bound work machines.
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | Railroad sleeper P60 |
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| Product identification | 369 Other plastics products (UN CPC) |
| Product description | The railway sleepers are made from plastic collected from German industries and consumers. The material consists of a mixture of production scrap from automotive doors and roofs, including flax-fibre material coated with polypropylene (PP), and post-consumer recycled low-density polyethylene (PE). The railway sleepers support and hold the rails in place. |
| Product information from external sources | https://www.banprodukter.com/ https://pioonier.com/ |
| Technical purpose of product | The railway sleepers support and hold the rails in place. |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | The plastic material is processed using a patented manufacturing process at the factory in Magdeburg, Germany. The plastic enters the factory as granulate, then is mixed in a mixing silo and conveyed to the so-called compounders, where it is heated in a low-temperature process. Afterwards, the material is transferred to a press. Once enough material for a sleeper has accumulated, a mold is clamped in front of the press, filled under high pressure, and closed. The mold is then cooled for one hour before being demolded. |
| Material properties | Mass per piece: 105 kg/piece Mass per piece: 105 kg/piece |
| Manufacturing site | Pioonier GmbH RELUX Kunststofftechnik GmbH & Co. KG Sülzborn 4 39128 Magdeburg Germany |
| UN CPC code | 369. Other plastics products |
| Geographical scope | Sweden |
| Actual or technical lifespan | 50 year(s) |
Product images
Technical characteristics and performance
Technical performance
| Product name | Lenght | Height | Width | Density | Weight | Type category | Type category | Type category | Type category | Type category | Type category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P60 Railroad Ties | 260 cm | 16 cm | 26 cm | 970 kg/m3 | 105 kg |
Content declaration
| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
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Product content
| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyethylene | 73.5 | 70 | 0 | 0 |
| Flax fibre coated with polypropylene | 31.5 | 0 | 15 | 1.3 |
| Total | 105 | 70 | 15 | 1.3 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
Packaging materials
| Material name | Mass, kg | Mass-% (versus the product) | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Timber planks | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.206 |
| Plastic straps | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 |
| Total | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.206 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | ||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | Composite Railway Sleeper P60 Number of pieces: 1 piece(s) |
| Conversion factor to mass | 105 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Do infrastructure and capital goods contribute more than 10% to the A1-A3 (A1-A5 for services) results of any environmental impact indicator declared in the EPD? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.11 database |
| LCA Software | SimaPro 10.2 |
| Additional information about the underlying LCA-based information | Cut-off rules: The cut-off criteria established by the PCR is 1% of all material and energy flows to a single unit process and 5% of total inflows (mass and energy) per module. No cut-offs exceeding this limit have been made. Production and end-of-life processes of infrastructure and capital goods used in the product system have been excluded, except for datasets for electricity and heat. Excluded processes due to cut-off: • Packaging material for raw materials are estimated to fall under cut-off. The larger packaging materials used at Pioonier for transport to Banprodukter are included and does not generate significant impact. • During railway sleeper production, water is used for temperature regulation. However, the water is part of a closed-loop system within the machinery and is therefore estimated to fall below the cut-off criteria. • Electricity used at the factory for purposes other than machinery and internal transport is estimated to fall below the cut-off criteria and is therefore excluded. Allocation procedure for recycled materials: The raw material consists of two components. The first is residual cutting material from doors and roofs in the automotive industry, consisting of flax fibre material coated with polypropylene (PP), which is shredded and treated to become granulate. This is treated with economic allocation. The PP/flax spill used in the sleepers has a value of EUR −40 to 0 per tonne. Hence, a value of zero was used, resulting in an allocation factor of 0. The second is post-consumer recycled low-density polyethylene (PE) which comes burden free. Processing of the material into useful pellets is accounted for. |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 based on EF 3.1 |
| Technology description including background system | The product considered is the P60 railroad tie. It consists of post-consumer recycled polyethylene and residual cutting material from the automotive industry, comprising flax fibre and polypropylene. The material enters the manufacturing facility as granulate. It is mixed in a silo and then conveyed to compounders, where it is heated at low temperature. The material is subsequently transferred to a press. Once a sufficient amount of material has accumulated, a mould is clamped in front of the press and filled under high pressure. The mould is then closed and cooled for one hour before the product is demoulded. The railroad tie is transported to a construction site, where it is installed in the railway. The use stage is excluded, as the tie is assumed to be maintenance-free. At the end of its service life, the tie is deconstructed and transported to waste treatment, where it is assumed to be incinerated. |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | More than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
Scrap (recycled material) inputs data
| Material scrap name | Material scrap value |
|---|---|
| Low Density Polyethylene (post consumer) | 1208, kg CO2 eq./tonne |
| PP and flax fibre, 50/50 (residual material) | 1253, kg CO2 eq./tonne |
| The share of the total scrap input that was assumed to come with an environmental burden | 100% |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | The primary data for the manufacturing process were collected for the reference year 2025. No deviations were made from this one-year data collection period. The general data quality and robustness of the results are considered good. The aspects of precision, completeness and consistency are also evaluated to be overall good since all important processes have been included and most of the input data that is important for the result is based on specific information about material and energy flows from Pioonier. All generic datasets used come from Ecoinvent 3.11 and have been selected based on technical, geographical, and temporal aspects to represent actual processes. Ecoinvent is one of the largest LCA-databases and provide transparent data. The data is, however, generic and therefore entail uncertainty. All specific (measured) data has been verified by Pioonier. Since Ecoinvent datasets use location-based electricity, the electricity in upstream secondary datasets used for the modelling of modules A1-A3 is also location-based, even though no GOOs are available. It is assessed not possible, within reasonable effort, to adjust aggregated data to include residual mixes instead. The main climate impact derives from pre-treatment in A1 for recycled polypropylene, flax and polyethylene but also waste treatment in C3 for the sleeper. The processes for pre-treatment and waste treatment are represented by upstream ecoinvent datasets. These datasets are considered of good quality and representative, as they are based on a European market. |
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Data quality assessment
| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyethylene | Database/collected data | Ecoinvent 3.11 | 2024/2025 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Polypropylene/flax | Database/collected data | Ecoinvent 3.11 | 2024/2025 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Transportation between manufacturing sites | Database/collected data | Ecoinvent 3.11 | 2024/2025 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Energy use at manufacturing site | Database/collected data | Ecoinvent 3.11 | 2024/2025 | Primary data | 15% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 15% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
| Comment on the data sources and other information in the table | For each process contributing more than 10% to the total GWP-GHG results of modules A1–A3, the corresponding share of primary data is reported. |
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Electricity data
| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of electricity mix | Residual electricity mix on the market | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 0% |
| Wind | 0% | |
| Solar | 0% | |
| Biomass | 0% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0% | |
| Nuclear | 0% | |
| Natural gas | 40.6% | |
| Coal | 57.1% | |
| Oil | 2.4% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 0% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 0.81 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
| Method used to calculate residual electricity mix | The residual mix is a virtual mix on the german market. It represents the energy mix of untracked consumption, i.e., electricity consumption that is not explicitly tracked through mechanisms such as Guarantees of Origin (GO). The shares have been calculated based on statistics from AIB (2025) following the methodology of grexel (2020). |
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System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | b) Cradle to gate with options, modules C1-C4, module D and with optional modules (A1-A3 + C + D and additional modules). |
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| Excluded modules | Yes, there is an excluded module, or there are excluded modules |
| Justification for the omission of modules | The use stage (modules B1–B7) is excluded, as the railway tie is assumed to be maintenance-free. |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | X | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | Germany | Germany | Germany | Sweden | Sweden | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Sweden | Sweden | Sweden | Sweden | Sweden | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 15% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description of the process flow diagram(s)
This LCA covers the stages raw material supply (A1), transport to manufacturing (A2), manufacturing (A3), transport to construction site (A4), construction installation (A5), deconstruction (C1), transport to waste management (C2), waste processing (C3) and disposal (C4). Module D, containing benefits and burdens beyond the system boundary, is also included.
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | Residual PP/flax |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | The sleeper type included in this EPD is the P60 model, designed for railway applications. The product is intended to be sold in Sweden for use in Swedish railway projects. Sweden is therefore considered the geographical market and the primary target market for this EPD, with the Swedish Transport Administration as the main intended user. At end-of-life, the sleeper is assumed to be sent for incineration. Recycling of the sleeper is currently considered unrealistic, since no company has been identified that can recycle the sleeper due to its composite material composition. Although Pioonier has stated that it may take back the sleepers and use the material as input material for new sleepers in the future, this potential future take-back system is not included in the present scenario because it is not currently established or verified. Module A4 represents transport of the sleeper to a construction site in Sweden. The transport distance is based on an average distance provided by Banprodukter and is based on specific data. Module A5 includes installation of the product and is modelled using information provided by Banprodukter. As a conservative assumption, the wooden packaging is assumed to be incinerated due to a lack of information regarding the actual waste-treatment method. Module C1, deconstruction of the sleeper, is based on specific information provided by Banprodukter. Transports in Module C2 are modelled using the default values specified in the applicable PCR. C3 covers the incineration of the product. |
Module A4: Transport to the building site
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module A4 | Swedish market |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module A4 | Swedish market scenario |
| Description of the default scenario in module A4 | Module A4 includes the emissions from transporting the sleeper to a construction site in Sweden. 200 km is derived as average distance based on statistics from Banprodukter. |
| Module A4 information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
Distance | 200 | km |
Module A5: Installation in the building
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module A5 | Swedish scenario |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module A5 | Swedish market scenario |
| Description of the default scenario in module A5 | Module A5 includes the installation of the product. A wheeled excavator consumes 5 liters of diesel per hour and installs 10 sleepers per hour. Diesel consumption was allocated to one sleeper and converted to MJ using the density and energy content of diesel. |
| Module A5 information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Installation with excavator, diesel | 18.08 | MJ |
Module C: End-of-life
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C | Swedish scenario |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module C | Swedish market scenario. |
| Description of the default scenario in module C | The default scenario is incineration of the whole product on a swedish market. The product is deinstalled (C1), transported to waste facility (C2) and incinerated (C3). Module C1 includes the deconstruction of the product. According to information provided by Banprodukter, a the diesel consumed by a wheeled excavator was allocated to one sleeper and converted to MJ using the density and energy content of diesel generating 4,02MJ diesel per sleeper. Module C2 uses the default values from the PCR for transport to incineration, 130km. Module C3 includes the incineration of the product. Default values from the PCR are used to represent loading and unloading (0,273kWh diesel per sleeper) and mechanical sorting (0,231kWh electricity per sleeper). |
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Loading and unloading at sorting facility | 0.273 | kWh |
| Mechanical sorting | 0.231 | kWh |
| Treatment of solid waste, incineration | 105 | kg |
| Deconstruction of product | 4,02 | MJ |
| Transport to incineration | 130 | km |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D | Swedish incineration |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module D | Swedish incineration scenario, energy recovery |
| Description of the default scenario in module D | Based on the documentation in the dataset of municipal incineration of solid waste for Sweden in Ecoinvent, it is assumed that 10% of the energy output from such a plant is electricity and 90% thermal energy |
| Module D information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Heat energy recovery | 3349 | MJ |
| Electricity energy recovery | 371 | MJ |
Environmental performance
The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 2.50E+2 | 3.22E+0 | 2.46E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.80E-1 | 2.09E+0 | 2.20E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 6.78E+1 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 1.96E+2 | 3.22E+0 | 1.73E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.80E-1 | 2.09E+0 | 2.11E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.54E+1 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | 5.35E+1 | 7.24E-4 | 7.32E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.76E-5 | 4.70E-4 | 8.17E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -7.52E+0 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 1.44E-1 | 5.09E-5 | 7.31E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.57E-5 | 3.31E-5 | 9.11E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -1.31E-1 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 2.31E-6 | 7.31E-8 | 2.64E-8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.79E-9 | 4.75E-8 | 6.25E-8 | 0.00E+0 | 5.65E-6 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 4.71E-1 | 8.31E-3 | 1.59E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.51E-3 | 5.40E-3 | 4.72E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -3.63E-1 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 6.32E-2 | 1.66E-5 | 1.71E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.17E-6 | 1.08E-5 | 9.01E-4 | 0.00E+0 | -3.49E-2 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 2.00E-1 | 3.17E-3 | 7.52E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.66E-3 | 2.06E-3 | 2.88E-2 | 0.00E+0 | -3.87E-1 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 1.28E+0 | 3.46E-2 | 8.23E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.82E-2 | 2.25E-2 | 2.42E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -2.12E+0 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 4.13E-1 | 1.38E-2 | 2.45E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.42E-3 | 8.94E-3 | 5.94E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 2.74E-1 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1, 2 | kg Sb eq. | 3.47E-5 | 8.39E-8 | 6.21E-8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.33E-8 | 5.46E-8 | 8.21E-7 | 0.00E+0 | -1.62E-5 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 2.01E+3 | 4.28E+1 | 2.26E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.97E+0 | 2.78E+1 | 3.13E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.47E+3 |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 1.24E+1 | 1.40E-2 | 1.93E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.72E-3 | 9.10E-3 | 9.28E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 9.06E+1 |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of the impact categories abiotic depletion of minerals and metals may be highly uncertain in LCAs that include capital goods/infrastructure in generic datasets, in case infrastructure/capital goods contribute greatly to the total results. This is because the LCI data of infrastructure/capital goods used to quantify these indicators in currently available generic datasets sometimes lack temporal, technological and geographical representativeness. Caution should be exercised when using the results of these indicators for decision-making purposes. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 1.96E+2 | 3.22E+0 | 1.73E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.80E-1 | 2.09E+0 | 2.11E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.53E+1 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter emissions | PM | Disease incidence | 3.98E-6 | 2.14E-7 | 4.57E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.01E-7 | 1.39E-7 | 2.11E-7 | 0.00E+0 | -6.20E-6 |
| Ionizing radiation - human health | IRP1 | kBq U235 eq. | 3.25E+1 | 1.08E-2 | 4.92E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.65E-4 | 7.00E-3 | 2.23E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -5.65E+0 |
| Eco-toxicity - freshwater | ETP-fw2, 3 | CTUe | 4.84E+2 | 1.53E+0 | 6.93E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.43E-1 | 9.95E-1 | 4.61E+2 | 0.00E+0 | -1.51E+3 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | HTP-c2, 3 | CTUh | 6.25E-8 | 2.17E-10 | 1.05E-10 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.03E-11 | 1.41E-10 | 1.23E-8 | 0.00E+0 | -3.67E-8 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | HTP-nc2, 3 | CTUh | 3.19E-6 | 2.13E-8 | 2.70E-9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.74E-10 | 1.39E-8 | 5.07E-7 | 0.00E+0 | -2.26E-6 |
| Land-use related impacts/soil quality | SQP2, 3 | Dimensionless | 2.51E+2 | 5.44E-2 | 4.65E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.45E-3 | 3.54E-2 | 4.67E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -8.97E+3 |
| Acronyms | PM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 3 | The results of the impact categories land use, human toxicity (cancer), human toxicity, noncancer and ecotoxicity (freshwater) may be highly uncertain in LCAs that include capital goods/infrastructure in generic datasets, in case infrastructure/capital goods contribute greatly to the total results. This is because the LCI data of infrastructure/capital goods used to quantify these indicators in currently available generic datasets sometimes lack temporal, technological and geographical representativeness. Caution should be exercised when using the results of these indicators for decision-making purposes. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 3.16E+2 | 1.07E-1 | 5.21E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.08E-2 | 6.94E-2 | 2.16E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.30E+3 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 2.78E+2 | 0.00E+0 | -5.41E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.45E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 5.94E+2 | 1.07E-1 | -5.36E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.09E-2 | 6.94E-2 | -2.43E+2 | 0.00E+0 | -2.30E+3 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 2.11E+3 | 4.55E+1 | 2.40E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.29E+0 | 2.96E+1 | 3.39E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 3.75E+3 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 3.44E+3 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | -2.86E+3 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 5.56E+3 | 4.55E+1 | 2.40E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.29E+0 | 2.96E+1 | -2.82E+3 | 0.00E+0 | 3.75E+3 |
| SM | kg | 1.08E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| FW | m3 | 1.99E+0 | 6.97E-4 | 5.62E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.01E-4 | 4.53E-4 | 3.58E-1 | 0.00E+0 | -2.07E+1 |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NHWD | kg | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| RWD | kg | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MFR | kg | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MER | kg | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 2.61E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 5.72E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 3.10E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 2.35E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 5.15E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 2.79E+3 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Abbreviations
not applicable
References
PCR 2019:14. Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1).
General Programme Instructions for the Internationl EPD System (version 5.0.1)
ISO 14025:2006, Environmental labels and declarations - Type III environmental declarations - Principles and procedures. International Organisation for Standardization.
ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines. International Organization for Standardization.
Sweco (2026). LCA Report - Plastic Composite Railway Sleeper from Banprodukter Norden AB.
Version history
Version 001, 2026-09-24
- Original version of the EPD