Ready-mix Concrete - NSW - West NSW -ECOPact - NE501E142

Concrete is prepared by mixing cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water, with or without the addition of auxiliary agents and additives. The fresh concrete is placed on the building site or prefabricated in factory moulds, compacted and hardened in the desired shape by the hydration of cement to form concrete.

Upstream processes - The upstream processes include those involved in Module A1 – Raw material supply. This module includes:

• Extraction, transport and manufacturing of raw materials.

• Generation of electricity from primary and secondary energy resources, also including their extraction, refining and transport for Modules A1 and A3.

Core Processes - The core processes include those involved in Module A2 and Module A3, including:

• External transportation of materials to the core processes and internal transport.

• Manufacturing of concrete (excluding mixing, which occurs in the mixing truck and is considered part of the A4 module).

• Treatment of waste and wastewater generated from the manufacturing processes.

Downstream Processes - The downstream processes include those involved in Module A4 to D, including:

• Distribution of concrete mixes.

• Installation of the ready-mix concrete on the site.

• Wastage of construction products (This is accounted for in module A5. This includes waste concrete on site).

• Transport of equipment and use of materials for deconstruction at the end of life.

• Transport of waste generated at the end of life.

• Treatment of waste generated at the end of life."