INSEE Stable Soil
General information
| EPD Owner | Siam City Cement Public Company Limited |
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| Registration number | EPD-IES-0031429:001 |
| EPD type | EPD of a single product from a manufacturer/service provider |
| Status | Valid |
| Version date | 2026-07-07 |
| Validity date | 2031-07-06 |
| Standards conformance | ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 |
| Geographical scope | Vietnam |
| An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD. | |
Programme information
| Programme | International EPD System |
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| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
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| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
| Complementary Product Category Rules (c-PCR) | PCR 2019:14-c-PCR-001 Being updated - Cement and building lime (EN 16908) (c-PCR to PCR 2019:14) (1.0.0) Version: 1.0.0 |
| c-PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System |
Verification
| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
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| Third-party verifier | Hüdai Kara (Metsims Sustainability Consulting) |
| Approved by | The International EPD® System |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | Siam City Cement Public Company Limited |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | Nguyen Dung |
| Contact person e-mail | dungb.nguyen@siamcitycement.com |
| Organisation address | Column Tower, 3rd, 10th, 12th Fl. 199 Ratchadapisek Rd., Klongtoey 10110 Bangkok Thailand |
| LCA Practitioner | Nguyen Dung, dungb.nguyen@siamcitycement.com |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
Siam City Cement Public Company Limited (SCCC) was established in 1969 and began its cement production with the completion of the first cement plant in 1972. In 1977, it was listed on the Thailand Stock Exchange. As one of the largest cement producers in Thailand, SCCC has provided world-class construction materials and services that have been vital to Thailand’s economic growth for more than 50 years. SCCC has successfully implemented a strategy to expand its presence across the South & Southeast Asian regions, including operations in Indonesia, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. INSEE Vietnam is a member of Siam City Cement Public Company Limited (SCCC) - known as the leading construction material corporation in the region. The company has more than 700 employees working at 01 Plant, 04 Cement Grinding Stations, and the Head Office in Ho Chi Minh City. Since its establishment in 1994, INSEE Vietnam has become one of the leading manufacturers of cement, construction mortar and providing leading waste management services in the South of Vietnam - Ecocycle. INSEE is proud to provide customers with high-quality, sustainable products and services. All INSEE's cement products have been certified “Green Label” by the Singapore Green Building Council (SGBC) with an international EPD certificate, and are used in many iconic buildings and important infrastructure projects, as well as contrubuting to a multitude of residential and commercial developments. ECOCYCLE has been a key partner with over 250 companies, contributing to the safe co-processing of more than 1,8 million tons of waste since 2007. With the philosophy of "Build for Life", INSEE is continuously creating a world where life is worth living.
Organisation images
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | INSEE Stable Soil |
|---|---|
| Product identification | INSEE Stable Soil is a blended hydraulic binder specifically engineered for soil stabilisation and ground improvement applications. The product is intended to enhance the mechanical performance, durability and long-term stability of in-situ or imported soils used in infrastructure and civil engineering works. Product classification: EN 197-1: CEM III/B (Blastfurnace Cement). |
| Product description | INSEE Stable Soil is a blended hydraulic binder formulated to improve the engineering properties of soils through stabilisation processes. The product typically consists of Portland cement clinker, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), limestone and minor additives. The binder is designed to increase soil strength, reduce plasticity, improve bearing capacity and enhance resistance to moisture, erosion and environmental degradation. It also contributes to improved workability and long-term stability of treated soils. Typical applications include road subgrades, embankments, industrial platforms, foundation layers and ground improvement works where enhanced soil performance is required. |
| Product information from external sources | INSEE Stable Soil is marketed as a dedicated binder for soil stabilisation and ground improvement. Product information highlights benefits such as increased soil strength, reduced plasticity index, improved load-bearing capacity and enhanced durability under environmental exposure. https://siamcitycement.com/vietnam/en/products/ |
| Technical purpose of product | INSEE Stable Soil is a blended hydraulic binder classified as EN 197-1: CEM III/B (Blastfurnace Cement). It is specifically designed for the stabilisation of natural soils, reclaimed soils and other earth materials used in infrastructure and civil engineering works. The product contributes to improved load-bearing capacity, reduced plasticity, enhanced durability and increased resistance to environmental degradation. |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | INSEE Stable Soil is produced at INSEE Vietnam grinding facilities as a blended hydraulic binder for soil stabilisation. Manufacturing includes receipt and quality control of clinker, supplementary cementitious materials and additives, followed by storage, controlled proportioning, intergrinding, blending, finished product storage and dispatch. Clinker is not produced at the grinding facility and is modelled as an upstream input using the default clinker dataset embedded in the GCCA Industry EPD Tool v5.2. The A1–A3 boundary includes upstream material supply, transport to the plant, electricity consumption, auxiliary materials, internal material handling, quality control and manufacturing activities up to the factory gate. |
| Material properties | Volumetric mass density: 1500 kg/m3 Volumetric mass density: 1500 kg/m3 |
| Manufacturing site | Siam City Cement (Vietnam) Ltd. Thi Vai Grinding Station Phu My 1 Zone, Phu My Ward, Ho Chi Minh City N/A 78706 Ho Chi Minh Viet Nam |
| UN CPC code | 3744. Portland cement, aluminous cement, slag cement and similar hydraulic cements, except in the form of clinkers |
| Geographical scope | Vietnam |
| Geographical scope description | The environmental performance results are representative of INSEE Stable Soil production in Vietnam, based on site-specific primary data from INSEE Vietnam grinding facilities. The LCA model reflects local raw material sourcing, electricity supply, transport conditions and manufacturing operations under Vietnamese conditions. Clinker and other background datasets are modelled using the GCCA Industry EPD Tool v5.2. |
| Actual or technical lifespan | Not applicable. year(s) |
Product images
Technical characteristics and performance
c-PCR-001: Cement and building lime
| Product name | Product type / classification | UN CPC code | Applicable standard | Declared use / product category | Type category | Type category | Type category | Type category | Type category | Type category | Type category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INSEE Stable Soil | Blended hydraulic cement for soil stabilisation | 3744 – Hydraulic cement | EN 197-1 / CEM III/B ( equivalent for general use) | Cement for soil stabilisation and ground improvement applications |
Technical performance
| Product name | Main application | Soil improvement performance | Strength development in treated soil | Workability / mixability | Volume stability / shrinkage control | Typical use | Type category | Type category | Type category | Type category | Type category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INSEE Stable Soil | Soil improvement and ground stabilisation | Designed to improve engineering properties of weak soils | Suitable strength development in cement-treated soil | Suitable for mixing and uniform distribution in soil treatment applications | Improved volume stability of treated soil | Cement deep mixing, road subgrade treatment, embankments and foundation improvement |
Content declaration
| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
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| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) | 722 | |||
| Anhydrites, natural | 17 | |||
| Portland clinker | 261 | |||
| Total | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | INSEE Stable Soil Mass: 1000 kg |
| Conversion factor to mass | 1 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.10 database |
| LCA Software | GCCA Industry EPD Tool Version 5.2 |
| Additional information about the underlying LCA-based information | The LCA was performed using the GCCA Industry EPD Tool for Cement and Concrete v5.2 (International version). The assessment covers modules A1–A3 for the declared unit of 1 tonne of product. |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | Environmental impacts were characterised in accordance with EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 using EF 3.1 characterisation factors. |
| Technology description including background system | INSEE Stable Soil is a blended hydraulic binder for soil stabilisation produced at the My Xuan – Phu My grinding plant. The product consists of clinker, supplementary cementitious materials and minor additives. The system boundary covers modules A1–A3, including upstream supply of raw materials, transport to the production site and manufacturing up to the factory gate. Manufacturing includes receipt and quality control of clinker and supplementary materials, storage, proportioning, intergrinding, blending, product storage and dispatch. Clinker is not produced at the grinding plant and is modelled as an upstream input using the default clinker dataset embedded in the GCCA Industry EPD Tool v5.2. Background data for electricity, fuels, transport and upstream materials are sourced from the GCCA tool. Electricity is based on the national residual electricity mix. |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
| Material scrap name | Material scrap value |
|---|---|
| Slag, granulated, without drying | 125, kg CO2 eq./tonne |
| The share of the total scrap input that was assumed to come with an environmental burden | 100% |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | Primary operational data were collected for INSEE Stable Soil at the My Xuan – Phu My grinding plant for the reference year 2025 and are representative in terms of technology, geography and time. |
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| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinker and cement production | Collected operational data | INSEE Vietnam production facilities | 2025 | Primary data | 85% |
| Background datasets | Database | GCCA Industry EPD Tool v5.2 | 2025 | Secondary data | 15% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 100% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
| Comment on the data sources and other information in the table | Primary operational data refer to the 2025 production year for INSEE Stable Soil at the My Xuan – Phu My grinding plant and cover modules A1–A3. Secondary datasets, including the default clinker dataset, electricity, fuels, transport and upstream materials, were sourced from the GCCA Industry EPD Tool v5.2. The reported data shares refer to the contribution to GWP-GHG results for A1–A3. |
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| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
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| Type of electricity mix | Residual electricity mix on the market | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 32.6% |
| Wind | 4.1% | |
| Solar | 7.7% | |
| Biomass | 0% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0% | |
| Nuclear | 0% | |
| Natural gas | 6.2% | |
| Coal | 46.2% | |
| Oil | 0% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 3.2% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 0.66 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
| Method used to calculate residual electricity mix | Electricity used in A3 was modelled using the residual electricity mix dataset embedded in the GCCA Industry EPD Tool v5.2 (International version). The GWP-GHG intensity is 6.64E-1 kg CO₂-eq./kWh. No supplier-specific or contractual electricity is applied. The residual electricity generation mix applied in the LCA is presented in the corresponding electricity mix table. No on-site WHR electricity is applied for grinding stations. |
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| Production stage (module A) | Excluded | |
| Use stage (module B) | Excluded | |
| End-of-Life stage (module C) | Excluded | |
| Beyond product life cycle (Module D) | Excluded |
System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | d) Cradle to gate (A1-A3). |
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| Excluded modules | Yes, there is an excluded module, or there are excluded modules |
| Justification for the omission of modules | Only the product stage modules A1–A3 are declared in accordance with the defined cradle-to-gate system boundary. Modules A4–A5, B1–B7, C1–C4 and module D are not declared, as they are outside the scope of this EPD and depend on project-specific parameters, including transport distance to site, construction and installation practices, use-phase conditions, maintenance requirements, demolition, waste treatment and end-of-life scenarios. |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | Vietnam | Vietnam | Vietnam | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 85% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Description of the process flow diagram(s)
The process flow diagram presents the A1–A3 product system and the system boundary up to the factory gate for INSEE Stable Soil produced at the Thi Vai grinding plant. Module A1 covers the upstream supply of clinker, supplementary cementitious materials such as slag or fly ash, gypsum and minor additives. Module A2 covers the transport of these input materials to the grinding plant. Module A3 covers all manufacturing activities at the grinding plant, including inbound logistics and receiving, quality control of incoming materials, storage in silos or bins, proportioning according to the product recipe, feeding to the cement mill, cement grinding by ball mill or vertical mill, separation, finished cement handling, storage in cement silos, final quality control, packing and dispatch in bulk or bagged form. End-of-waste is not applicable.
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | Cradle-to-gate scenario |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | The default scenario represents the cradle-to-gate production of INSEE Stable Soil at the Thi Vai Grinding Station, based on site-specific primary data for the reference year 2025. The declared system boundary covers modules A1–A3, including upstream material supply, transport to the grinding plant and manufacturing up to the factory gate. |
Environmental performance
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 3.77E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 3.77E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | 1.47E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 5.06E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 1.33E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 1.72E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 2.85E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 2.22E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 3.82E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.07E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1 | kg Sb eq. | 1.04E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 2.76E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 3.40E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 3.77E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter emissions | PM | Disease incidence | 1.23E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Ionizing radiation - human health | IRP1 | kBq U235 eq. | 2.73E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Eco-toxicity - freshwater | ETP-fw2 | CTUe | 5.60E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | HTP-c2 | CTUh | 2.00E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | HTP-nc2 | CTUh | 1.48E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Land-use related impacts/soil quality | SQP2 | Dimensionless | 5.25E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Acronyms | PM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 1.38E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.38E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 2.69E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 2.69E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| SM | kg | 7.52E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 5.39E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 4.78E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| FW | m3 | 9.66E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 4.20E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| NHWD | kg | 1.02E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| RWD | kg | 6.54E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| MFR | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| MER | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
Additional environmental information
Instructions for product use
INSEE Stable Soil shall be stored in dry conditions and handled in accordance with applicable standards, project specifications and good construction practices. Proper storage and handling are essential to maintain product quality and performance before use in soil stabilisation applications.
Durability of the product
The performance and durability of soil treated with INSEE Stable Soil depend on soil type, binder dosage, moisture content, mixing quality, compaction, curing conditions and exposure environment. When properly designed and applied, the product contributes to improved strength, volume stability, reduced water sensitivity and long-term performance of stabilised soil layers.
Recycling and end-of-life information
At the end of life of infrastructure works, stabilised soil or excavated materials may be reused, recycled or managed as construction and demolition materials, subject to local regulations, technical requirements and contamination assessment where applicable.
Disposal information
Unused product and packaging materials shall be handled and disposed of in accordance with applicable local waste management regulations. Bulk product is supplied without packaging.
Environmental management and initiatives
Siam City Cement (Vietnam) Ltd. operates integrated management systems certified to ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 50001 and ISO 45001, supporting continuous improvement in quality, environmental performance, energy efficiency and occupational health and safety.
Version 001 – Initial standalone EPD issue, following the transition from INSEE Vietnam’s first-in-Vietnam portfolio-based EPD registration No. S-P-03747, issued on 2021-08-17, covering the full clinker and cement product portfolio, to individual product EPDs.
The company implements resource efficiency and emission reduction measures relevant to cement grinding operations, including:
1. Use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as slag, to reduce clinker content.
2. Continuous monitoring and optimisation of electricity use, material handling and production efficiency.
These initiatives contribute to reducing environmental impacts associated with cement-based binder production.
Additional social and economic information
Siam City Cement (Vietnam) Ltd., operating under the INSEE brand, is part of Siam City Cement Public Company Limited (SCCC), a leading regional construction materials company in Southeast Asia.
INSEE Vietnam employs more than 700 employees across its production and distribution network in Southern Vietnam. The company contributes to local economic development through:
+ Direct employment and workforce development
+ Engagement with local suppliers and contractors
+ Support for infrastructure and construction sector growth
The company applies structured supply chain management practices and corporate policies addressing:
+ Occupational health and safety
+ Responsible sourcing and procurement
+ Ethical business conduct and compliance
INSEE Vietnam also actively supports community engagement and corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, including:
+ Education and training programmes
+ Environmental awareness campaigns
+ Community development projects in local operating areas
Through its ESG commitments, the company integrates environmental, social and governance principles into its business operations and long-term development strategy.
Abbreviations
General abbreviations
- EN – European Standard
- ISO – International Organization for Standardization
- EPD – Environmental Product Declaration
- LCA – Life Cycle Assessment
- LCIA – Life Cycle Impact Assessment
- PCR – Product Category Rules
- c-PCR – Complementary Product Category Rules
- GCCA – Global Cement and Concrete Association
- CPC – Central Product Classification
- SVHC – Substances of Very High Concern
- ND – Not Declared
Environmental impact indicators (EN 15804)
- GWP – Global Warming Potential
- GWP-fossil – Global Warming Potential (fossil)
- GWP-biogenic – Global Warming Potential (biogenic)
- GWP-luluc – Global Warming Potential (land use and land use change)
- ODP – Ozone Depletion Potential
- AP – Acidification Potential
- EP-freshwater – Eutrophication Potential (freshwater)
- EP-marine – Eutrophication Potential (marine)
- EP-terrestrial – Eutrophication Potential (terrestrial)
- POCP – Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
- ADP – Abiotic Depletion Potential
- WDP – Water Deprivation Potential
Resource use indicators
- PERE – Renewable primary energy excluding raw materials
- PERM – Renewable primary energy used as raw materials
- PERT – Total renewable primary energy
- PENRE – Non-renewable primary energy excluding raw materials
- PENRM – Non-renewable primary energy used as raw materials
- PENRT – Total non-renewable primary energy
- SM – Secondary materials
- RSF – Renewable secondary fuels
- NRSF – Non-renewable secondary fuels
- FW – Net freshwater use
Cement-related abbreviations
- OPC – Ordinary Portland Cement
- SCM – Supplementary Cementitious Materials
- ISS - INSEE Stable Soil
References
a) EPD International AB. General Programme Instructions for the International EPD® System, Version 5.0.1, Stockholm, Sweden, 2025.
b) PCR 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2), Version 2.0.1, The International EPD® System.
c) c-PCR-001 Cement and building limes (EN 16908), Version 1.0.0, The International EPD® System.
d) EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021. Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products.
e) ISO 14025:2006. Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — Principles and procedures.
f) ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework.
g) ISO 14044:2006. Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines.
h) GCCA (Global Cement and Concrete Association). GCCA Industry EPD Tool for Cement and Concrete, Version 5.2.
i) Ecoinvent Association. Ecoinvent database, Version 3.10.
j) Department of Climate Change – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), Vietnam. National grid emission factor for electricity, 2023.
k) Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) and European Cement Research Academy (ECRA). Cement CO₂ and Energy Protocol, Version 3.1.
l) European Committee for Standardization (CEN). EN 16908:2017 Cement and building lime – Environmental product declarations – Product category rules complementary to EN 15804.
m) Siam City Cement (Vietnam) Ltd. Internal production data and operational information for the reference year 2025.
Version history
Version 001: 2026-07-07
Initial issue of this Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for INSEE Stable Soil cement. The declaration has been prepared in accordance with EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 and PCR 2019:14, using site-specific primary production data and relevant background datasets for the declared reference year. It covers a single cement product manufactured by Siam City Cement (Vietnam) Ltd. and constitutes the first standalone EPD for INSEE Stable Soil, developed following the transition from the previous portfolio-based EPD for clinker and cement products published within the International EPD® System.
Initial standalone EPD issue, developed from the transition of the former portfolio-based EPD registration No. S-P-03747 issued on 2021-08-17 for INSEE Vietnam clinker and cement products.