TW1061T-EG
General information
| EPD Owner | MAX EUROPE B.V. |
|---|---|
| Registration number | EPD-IES-0029201:001 |
| EPD type | EPD of a single product from a manufacturer/service provider |
| Status | Valid |
| Version date | 2026-07-06 |
| Validity date | 2031-07-06 |
| Standards conformance | ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 |
| Geographical scope | Europe, Asia |
| An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD. | |
Programme information
| Programme | International EPD System |
|---|---|
| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
|---|---|
| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
Verification
| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
|---|---|
| Third-party verifier | Martijn van Hövell (SGS Global) |
| Approved by | The International EPD® System |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | MAX EUROPE B.V. |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | Yoshihiko Kondo |
| Contact person e-mail | ykondo@max-europe.com |
| Organisation address | Antennestraat 45 1322 AH Almere The Netherlands |
| LCA Practitioner | Rik Wessels, rik@hhc.earth |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
MAX is a global manufacturer of high-quality industrial tools and office products, established in 1942. The company is committed to developing innovative and durable products that meet professional standards. MAX products are developed in Japan and are manufactured in factories certified with ISO 9001 (Quality Management) and ISO 14001 (Environmental Management).
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | TW1061T-EG Rebar tying wire |
|---|---|
| Product identification | TW1061T-EG |
| Product description | The TW1061T-EG is an electro-galvanised steel rebar tying wire, winded on a polypropylene spool. It is made from electro-galvanised low-carbon steel. This wire is produced solely in Japan. |
| Product information from external sources | https://www.max-europe.com/rebar_tying_tools/products/tw1061t-eg/ |
| Technical purpose of product | The product is intended to be to fasten and secure reinforcement steel bars (rebar) before pouring concrete. It is used for tying rebar and mesh in concrete foundations, walls, and slabs, providing secure and lasting connections. |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | Manufacturing includes surface treatment, wire winding and product packaging. |
| Material properties | Volumetric mass density: 7832 kg/m3 Volumetric mass density: 7832 kg/m3 |
| Manufacturing site | Fujioka Factory 375-0004 Fujioka-shi, Gunma Prefecture Japan |
| UN CPC code | 41267. Wire of alloy steel |
| Geographical scope | Europe, Asia |
| Geographical scope description | The geographical scope of the production stage is Asia. The geographical scope of downstream activities is Europe. |
Product images
Content declaration
| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
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| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-carbon steel | 976.68 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Zinc | 23.32 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
| Material name | Mass, kg | Mass-% (versus the product) | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polypropylene | 91.43 | 9.14 | 0 |
| Cardboard | 21.76 | 2.18 | 10.36 |
| Total | 113.19 | 11.32 | 10.36 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | ||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | TW1061T-EG Mass: 1000 kg |
| Conversion factor to mass | 1 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Do infrastructure and capital goods contribute more than 10% to the A1-A3 (A1-A5 for services) results of any environmental impact indicator declared in the EPD? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.11 database |
| LCA Software | SimaPro 10.2 |
| Additional information about the underlying LCA-based information | All known inputs and outputs for each unit process were included in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) calculation. Data collection was performed in accordance with the requirements of PCR 2019:14, v.2.0.1 and EN15804:2012+A2:2019. The procedure for the exclusion of inputs and outputs followed the requirements of EN 15804, Section 6.3.6. No processes were deliberately excluded. In accordance with the PCR, the total of neglected input flows per module is a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass, and at least 95% of the environmental impact per module is included. For any unit process where insufficient data was available, the cut-off criteria of 1% of the total mass and 1% of the total energy of that unit process were applied, although ultimately there was no insufficient data. A screening of all inputs was conducted to ensure that all material and energy flows known to have the potential for significant environmental impact were included. This was confirmed through plausibility considerations and expert judgement by MAX Europe, ensuring that the final results are representative and robust. The exclusion of any flows is documented and justified as not significantly changing the overall conclusions of the study. The processes related to infrastructure, construction, and production of equipment, as well as tools that are not directly consumed in the production process, have been excluded. An exception to this is the infrastructure from modules A1-A3, which is included as energy consumption has a significant contribution to the environmental impact. Personnel-related activities, such as transportation to and from work, have also been excluded. |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | EN 15804 Version: EF 3.1, February 2023 |
| Technology description including background system | The product considers tying wire used for rebar tying. The main product consists of a galvanised steel wire, winded on a polypropylene spool. The wire is directly procured from a supplier. The manufacturing process consists of surface treatment, wire winding and automatic packaging. |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | Data quality was assessed for time-related, geographical, and technological coverage. Overall, 9.83% of the GWP-GHG impact is calculated with primary data. The remaining 90.17% was calculated with secondary data. The database processes selected were also selected based on representativeness. Primary data from the production site is based on a one-year average for the time period 04/2024-03/2025. Geographical representativeness ranges from fair to very good, while technical representativeness is good to very good. No poor or very poor data is used in the study. |
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| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw Material Collection | Database | Ecoinvent | 2024-2025 | Secondary Data | 0% |
| Production of packaging | Database | Ecoinvent | 2024-2025 | Secondary Data | 0% |
| Transport of materials | Database | Ecoinvent | 2024-2025 | Secondary Data | 0% |
| Electricity for manufacturing | Collected data | EPD Owner | 2024-2025 | Primary Data | 0.75% |
| Fuel for manufacturing | Collected data | EPD Owner | 2024-2025 | Primary Data | 0.12% |
| Surface treatment | Collected data | EPD Owner | 2024-2025 | Primary Data | 8.96% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 9.83% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
| Comment on the data sources and other information in the table | Modules A1 and A3 are calculated including infrastructure, all other modules exclude infrastructure and/or capital goods. |
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| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of electricity mix | Specific electricity mix as generated, or purchased from an electricity supplier, demonstrated by a contractual instrument | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 18.93% |
| Wind | 0% | |
| Solar | 5.33% | |
| Biomass | 0% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0% | |
| Nuclear | 0% | |
| Natural gas | 0% | |
| Coal | 0% | |
| Oil | 0% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 75.74% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 0.56 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
| Method used to calculate residual electricity mix | Contractual instruments were supplied to determine the share of Hydro and Solar energy. The remaining electricity is modelled based on the residual mix. The residual mix has been modelled based on the consumption mix of Japan, minus all renewables, following ECO platform LCA Calculation Rules V2.0 guidelines. |
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System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | b) Cradle to gate with options, modules C1-C4, module D and with optional modules (A1-A3 + C + D and additional modules). |
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| Excluded modules | Yes, there is an excluded module, or there are excluded modules |
| Justification for the omission of modules | Transport (A4) is excluded as this is customer-specific due to the wide spread of customers. Customers should apply their own transport scenario when applying this EPD. The use stage modules (B1–B7) are excluded from the scope of this study because the assessed product does not require energy, water, maintenance, repair, replacement, refurbishment, or operational inputs during its service life. Furthermore, no emissions are expected |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | ND | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | Asia | Asia | Japan | N/A | Asia | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Europe | Europe | Europe | Europe | Europe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 9.83% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | Default scenario |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | N/A |
Module A5: Installation in the building
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module A5 | Installation |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module A5 | Installation of the wire requires 7.04 kWh of electricity |
| Description of the default scenario in module A5 | The rebar tying wires are assumed to be installed by use of specific MAX Europe tying tools. Installation is based on the energy consumption of the cordless TWINTIER rebar tying tools from MAX Europe, used to tie the wires automatically. For each tonne of material, a total amount of 7.04 kWh of electricity is consumed. This is modelled with the average European consumption mix. Cardboard waste is assumed to be 75% recycled and 25% incinerated with energy recovery. All other materials are assumed to be 100% incinerated with energy recovery. |
| Module A5 information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity for tying | 7.04 | kWh |
| Packaging waste | 113.19 | kg |
Module C: End-of-life
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C | 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module C | The end-of-life scenario assumes 100% recycling. |
| Description of the default scenario in module C | The steel wires are sorted out at end-of-life and sent to recycling. As the output of recycling is not 100%, a recycling output of 95% is applied. The remainder is assumed to be sent to landfill. It is assumed that the coating is fully landfilled as part of the losses. |
| Module C information | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| C1 Deconstruction, diesel consumption | 1.1 | kWh |
| C2 Transport, distance to waste treatment | 80 | km |
| C3: Sorting | 2.2 | kWh |
| C3: Fragging of steel | 7.4 | kWh |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D | 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module D | This module considers the benefits from steel recycling. |
| Description of the default scenario in module D | Benefits of steel recycling are calculated using the World Steel Method. This module also includes the benefits from the treatment of packaging materials. Energy recovery from fossil sources (packaging materials) is modelled to substitute natural gas-based energy generation. The applied LHV's are taken from the descriptions of the applied ecoinvent datasets. |
Environmental performance
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 3.17E+3 | ND | 2.82E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.23E+1 | 3.19E+0 | 1.37E-1 | -1.70E+3 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 3.19E+3 | ND | 2.44E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.23E+1 | 3.19E+0 | 1.36E-1 | -1.70E+3 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | -3.80E+1 | ND | 3.80E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 8.92E+0 | ND | 1.34E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.54E-5 | 1.94E-4 | 2.14E-3 | 6.89E-6 | -4.87E-1 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 2.76E-5 | ND | 1.01E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.70E-9 | 2.79E-7 | 4.85E-8 | 1.96E-9 | -8.97E-6 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 2.34E+1 | ND | 5.17E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.46E-3 | 3.17E-2 | 2.65E-2 | 1.23E-3 | -5.68E+0 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.15E-1 | ND | 2.49E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.53E-7 | 7.57E-6 | 6.93E-5 | 4.48E-7 | -4.80E-2 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 2.96E+0 | ND | 2.06E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.63E-3 | 1.21E-2 | 1.14E-2 | 5.60E-4 | -1.23E+0 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 7.95E+1 | ND | 2.24E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.79E-2 | 1.32E-1 | 1.25E-1 | 6.14E-3 | -1.42E+1 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.06E+1 | ND | 6.09E-2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.34E-3 | 5.24E-2 | 3.74E-2 | 1.86E-3 | -4.93E+0 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1, 2 | kg Sb eq. | 5.15E-2 | ND | 1.28E-6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.31E-8 | 3.20E-7 | 1.33E-7 | 4.54E-9 | -3.19E-4 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 3.78E+4 | ND | 1.03E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.90E+0 | 1.63E+2 | 4.90E+1 | 1.75E+0 | -1.76E+4 |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 1.56E+3 | ND | 1.85E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.66E-3 | 5.33E-2 | 1.69E-1 | 1.53E-3 | -2.77E+2 |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of the impact categories abiotic depletion of minerals and metals may be highly uncertain in LCAs that include capital goods/infrastructure in generic datasets, in case infrastructure/capital goods contribute greatly to the total results. This is because the LCI data of infrastructure/capital goods used to quantify these indicators in currently available generic datasets sometimes lack temporal, technological and geographical representativeness. Caution should be exercised when using the results of these indicators for decision-making purposes. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 3.21E+3 | ND | 2.44E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.75E-1 | 1.23E+1 | 3.19E+0 | 1.37E-1 | -1.70E+3 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter emissions | PM | Disease incidence | 3.48E-4 | ND | 3.77E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.97E-8 | 8.16E-7 | 6.78E-7 | 3.48E-8 | -1.82E-4 |
| Ionizing radiation - human health | IRP1 | kBq U235 eq. | 4.63E+1 | ND | 4.87E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.07E-4 | 1.57E-2 | 1.49E-1 | 1.73E-4 | -5.97E+0 |
| Eco-toxicity - freshwater | ETP-fw2, 3 | CTUe | 2.59E+4 | ND | 6.21E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.40E-1 | 5.83E+0 | 2.23E+0 | 6.67E-2 | -4.38E+3 |
| Human toxicity - cancer effects | HTP-c2, 3 | CTUh | 3.17E-6 | ND | 7.90E-9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.00E-11 | 8.27E-10 | 2.07E-10 | 9.40E-12 | -1.89E-6 |
| Human toxicity - non-cancer effects | HTP-nc2, 3 | CTUh | 2.48E-5 | ND | 3.84E-7 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.68E-10 | 8.13E-8 | 5.96E-9 | 1.80E-10 | 2.44E-7 |
| Land-use related impacts/soil quality | SQP2, 3 | Dimensionless | 1.00E+4 | ND | 8.90E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.32E-3 | 2.07E-1 | 1.87E+0 | 2.06E+0 | -2.21E+3 |
| Acronyms | PM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 2 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator. | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 3 | The results of the impact categories land use, human toxicity (cancer), human toxicity, noncancer and ecotoxicity (freshwater) may be highly uncertain in LCAs that include capital goods/infrastructure in generic datasets, in case infrastructure/capital goods contribute greatly to the total results. This is because the LCI data of infrastructure/capital goods used to quantify these indicators in currently available generic datasets sometimes lack temporal, technological and geographical representativeness. Caution should be exercised when using the results of these indicators for decision-making purposes. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 1.97E+3 | ND | 3.61E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.05E-2 | 4.01E-1 | 4.40E+0 | 7.64E-3 | -3.90E+2 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 3.46E+2 | ND | -3.46E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 2.32E+3 | ND | 1.45E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.05E-2 | 4.01E-1 | 4.40E+0 | 7.64E-3 | -3.90E+2 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 3.48E+4 | ND | 3.10E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.90E+0 | 1.63E+2 | 4.90E+1 | 1.75E+0 | -1.76E+4 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 3.00E+3 | ND | -3.00E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 3.78E+4 | ND | 1.03E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.90E+0 | 1.63E+2 | 4.90E+1 | 1.75E+0 | -1.76E+4 |
| SM | kg | 2.17E+2 | ND | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| FW | m3 | 0.00E+0 | ND | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 2.50E+0 | ND | 1.78E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.68E-5 | 1.18E-3 | 6.69E-4 | 1.45E-5 | -2.89E-1 |
| NHWD | kg | 1.75E+2 | ND | 1.03E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.72E-4 | 5.39E-3 | 1.10E-2 | 5.00E+1 | -3.92E+1 |
| RWD | kg | 2.71E-2 | ND | 3.95E-4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.29E-7 | 9.84E-6 | 1.20E-4 | 9.88E-8 | -3.42E-3 |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MFR | kg | 1.24E+0 | ND | 1.63E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 9.49E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MER | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | 4.66E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | 1.08E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Abbreviations
Abbreviation Definition
EN European Norm (Standard)
EPD Environmental Product Declaration
EF Environmental Footprint
GPI General Programme Instructions
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
PCR Product Category Rules
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CPC Central product classification
CF Characterisation Factor
GHG Greenhouse gas
GWP Global Warming Potential (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-fossil Global Warming Potential from fossil sources (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-biogenic Global Warming Potential from biogenic sources (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-luluc Global Warming Potential from land use and land use change (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-total Total Global Warming Potential (kg CO₂ eq.)
GWP-GHG Global Warming Potential for greenhouse gases (kg CO₂ eq.)
ODP Ozone Depletion Potential (kg CFC-11 eq.)
AP Acidification Potential (mol H⁺ eq.)
EP Eutrophication Potential
EP-freshwater Freshwater eutrophication potential (kg P eq.)
EP-marine Marine eutrophication potential (kg N eq.)
EP-terrestrial Terrestrial eutrophication potential (mol N eq.)
POCP Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (kg NMVOC eq.)
ADP Abiotic Depletion Potential
ADP-minerals&metals Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources (kg Sb eq.)
ADP-fossil Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources (MJ)
WDP Water Deprivation Potential (m³)
PM Particulate matter emissions (Disease incidence)
IRP Ionising radiation. human health (kBq U235 eq.)
ETP-fw Ecotoxicity. freshwater (CTUe)
HTP-c Human toxicity. cancer effects (CTUh)
HTP-nc Human toxicity. non-cancer effects (CTUh)
SQP Land use related impacts / soil quality (Dimensionless)
PERE Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (MJ)
PERM Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (MJ)
PERT Total use of renewable primary energy resources (MJ)
PENRE Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (MJ)
PENRM Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (MJ)
PENRT Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources (MJ)
SM Use of secondary material (kg)
RSF Use of renewable secondary fuels (MJ)
NRSF Use of non-renewable secondary fuels (MJ)
FW Use of net fresh water (m³)
HW Hazardous Waste (disposed) (kg)
NHW Non-Hazardous Waste (disposed) (kg)
RW Radioactive Waste (disposed) (kg)
CFR Components for Reuse (kg)
MR Material for Recycling (kg)
MER Materials for Energy Recovery (kg)
EEE Exported Energy. Electricity (MJ)
EET Exported Energy. Thermal (MJ)
SVHC Substances of Very High Concern
MJ Megajoule
kg Kilogram
m³ Cubic Meter
NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
Sb eq. Antimony Equivalents
P eq. Phosphorus Equivalents
N eq. Nitrogen Equivalents
CFC-11 eq. Chlorofluorocarbon-11 Equivalents
CO₂ eq. Carbon Dioxide Equivalents
kg C Kilograms of Carbon
kg CO₂ eq. Kilograms of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
ND Not Declared
References
ISO 14040: Environmental management - Life cycle assessment – Principles and Framework', International Organization for Standardization, ISO14040:2006.
ISO 14044: Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines', International Organization for Standardization, ISO14044:2006.
ISO 14025: Environmental labels and declarations - Type III environmental declarations - Principles and procedures’, International Organization for Standardization, ISO14025:2010.
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, EPD International Secretariat [IVL]. (2025). PCR 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804:A2) (2.0.1). In The International EPD System.
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, EPD International Secretariat [IVL]. (2025). GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS (5.0.1). In The International EPD System.
EN 15804: Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products’, European Committee for Standardization, EN15804:2012+A2:2019.
European Comission, EPLCA. (2020) Annex C for PEF / OEF studies. Retrieved from https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EFtransition.html
CEWEP. (2012). CEWEP Energy Report III. Retrieved from https://www.cewep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1069_13_01_15_cewep_energy_report_iii.pdf
Version history
Version 001, 2026-07-06