EPD-IES-0028608:003

STEEL STRAND (SEVEN-WIRE)

7-wires prestressed steel strand (UN CPC: 42941) is made from high-carbon steel wire rod, which is cold-drawn into steel wire after surface treatment. Then, a certain number of steel wires are twisted into strands according to the structure of the steel strand and subsequently undergo a stabilization process to eliminate stress. The steel strands produced by Dalu are 7-wire steel strands, with a nominal diameter ranging from 9.5-15.7 mm according to customized requirements, and a tensile strength ranging from 1770-1960 Rm/Mpa. The maximum force of steel strand varies depending on the nominal diameter, covering 102-587 Fm/KN. The steel strands produced by Dalu are widely used in various engineering fields such as bridges, water conservancy, hydropower, geotechnical anchoring, coal mine support, high-rise buildings, etc. in highways and railways, as well as in nuclear power LNG, Wind power and other energy fields have also been widely applied.

General information

EPD OwnerTIANJIN DALU STEEL STRAND FOR PRESTRESSED CO LTD
Registration numberEPD-IES-0028608:003
EPD typeEPD of a single product from a manufacturer/service provider
StatusValid
Version date2026-03-02
Validity date2031-03-01
Standards conformanceISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021
Geographical scopeChina
An EPD may be updated or depublished if conditions change. This is the latest version of the EPD.

Programme information

ProgrammeInternational EPD System
AddressEPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden
Websitewww.environdec.com
E-mailsupport@environdec.com

Product category rules

CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR)
Product Category Rules (PCR)2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1
PCR review was conducted byThe Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support.

Verification

LCA accountabilityYihe Yang, yangyihe@cti-cert.com, CTI Certification Co.,Ltd
Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via
Third-party verifierYing SU (Freelance)
Approved byInternational EPD System
Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier
*EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.environdec.com.

Ownership and limitation on use of EPD

Limitations

EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.

Ownership

The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.

Information about EPD Owner

EPD OwnerTIANJIN DALU STEEL STRAND FOR PRESTRESSED CO LTD
Contact person nameHAI ZHU
Contact person e-maildaludavid@163.com
Organisation addressChina TIANJIN 301606 Datun Industrial Development Zone, Daqiuzhuang Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin City, China

Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner

Tianjin Dalu Steel Strand for prestressed co., ltd (hereinafter referred to as Dalu) is located in the Datun Industrial Development Zone, Daqiuzhuang Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, a major manufacturing center in northern China. As one of the largest producers of PC strand in Tianjin, the company specializes in manufacturing various specifications and strength grades of PC strand, epoxy-coated PC strand, galvanized PC Strand, steel strands for photovoltaic power stations, unbonded PC Strand for wind tower power stations, slow-bonding PC strand, steel strands for coal mine roadway support, anchorages for prestressed tendons, and mine anchor cables.

Organisation logo

Product information

Product nameSteel Strand(7-wire)
Product identificationSteel strand(7-wire) for prestressing is made of high carbon steel wire rod, which is cold drawn into steel wire after surface treatment. Then, a certain number of steel wires are twisted into strands according to the structure of the steel strand and stabilized by stress relief treatment. Execution standard: GB/T 5224-2023 UN CPC code: 42941, Stranded wire, ropes, cables, plaited bands, slings and the like, of iron or steel, not electrically insulated
Product description7-wires prestressed steel strand (UN CPC: 42941) is made from high-carbon steel wire rod, which is cold-drawn into steel wire after surface treatment. Then, a certain number of steel wires are twisted into strands according to the structure of the steel strand and subsequently undergo a stabilization process to eliminate stress. The steel strands produced by Dalu are 7-wire steel strands, with a nominal diameter ranging from 9.5-15.7 mm according to customized requirements, and a tensile strength ranging from 1770-1960 Rm/Mpa. The maximum force of steel strand varies depending on the nominal diameter, covering 102-587 Fm/KN. The steel strands produced by Dalu are widely used in various engineering fields such as bridges, water conservancy, hydropower, geotechnical anchoring, coal mine support, high-rise buildings, etc. in highways and railways, as well as in nuclear power LNG, Wind power and other energy fields have also been widely applied.
Product information from external sourceshttp://www.tj-dalu98.com/
Technical purpose of productfor concrete, photovoltaic power stations, unbonded PC Strand for wind tower power stations, slow-bonding PC strand, steel strands for coal mine roadway support, anchorages for prestressed tendons, and mine anchor cables.
Manufacturing or service provision descriptionThe brief description of production process: 1. Pickling& Coating: After rust removal in an acid pickling tank, the wire rod is rinsed with clean water and then coated with a film. 2. Wire drawing: The qualified coated wire rods are drawn into qualified steel wires for steel strands through a wire drawing machine according to the process specifications. 3. Stranding & Medium-Frequency Tempering: Place the qualified steel wires into the cradle according to the process specifications, adjust the tension, tempering temperature for stranding. 4. Layer winding & sub packaging: After the prestressed steel strand is wound on the layer winding machine, it is uniformly bundled and packaged with 1mm packaging tape in 8 layers. A 1000-1100mm sample is cut and submitted for inspection. 5. Outer packaging: The steel strand that requires deep packaging should be evenly wrapped with 160mm and 750mm packaging cloth on the outside. When using the 160mm packaging cloth, the second layer should overlap half of the previous layer. After wrapping, the steel strand should be wrapped with 750mm packaging cloth and sealed with adhesive tape. A uniform 6-layer waist binding should be applied with 1mm packaging tape, and then two additional horizontal layers should be wrapped externally, with both layers positioned 150mm away from the outer side.
Material propertiesVolumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3
Volumetric mass density:
7850 kg/m3
Manufacturing siteTianjin Dalu Steel Strand For prestressed Co., Ltd Datun Industrial Development Zone, China Tianjin 301606 Datun Industrial Development Zone, Daqiuzhuang Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin City, China
UN CPC code42941. Stranded wire, ropes, cables, plaited bands, slings and the like, of iron or steel, not electrically insulated
Geographical scopeChina
Geographical scope descriptionSteel strands are produced in China and exported to other regions around the world such as Europe, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, and Latin America through foreign trade companies. However, this study only declares the modules A1-A3. Thus, geographical scope description is selected as China.

Product images

Technical characteristics and performance

Technical performance

Product nameCategory nameRangeUnit
Steel strandtensile strength1770-1960Rm/Mpa
Steel strandmaximum force102-587Fm/KN

Content declaration

Hazardous and toxic substancesThe product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight.
Product content
Content nameMass, kgPost-consumer recycled material, mass-% of productBiogenic material, mass-% of productBiogenic material1, kg C/declared unit
steel1000000
Total1000000
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2
Packaging materials
Material nameMass, kgMass-% (versus the product)Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit
Stretch Film (PE)0.1980.02
Baking Paint Packing Strap (Co-polypropylene PP)1.0590.106
Baking Paint Packing Buckle (Low Carbon Steel)2.080.208
Wrapping Cloth (PP Non-woven Fabric)1.2450.125
Pad Wood2.9540.2951.477
Total7.5360.7541.477
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2

LCA information

EPD based on declared or functional unitDeclared unit
Declared unit and reference flowSteel Strand (7-wire). Unit: Mass (kg). Value 1000 Mass: 1000 kg
Conversion factor to mass1
Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes?
Datasources used for this EPDecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.10 database
LCA SoftwareSimaPro SimaPro 9.6
Version of the EN 15804 reference packageEF Reference Package 3.1
Characterisation methodsGWP-total, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 GWP-fossil, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 GWP-biogenic, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 GWP-luluc, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 ODP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 AP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 EP-freshwater, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 EP-marine, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 EP-terrestrial, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 POCP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 ADP-minerals&metals, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 ADP-fossil, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 WDP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 PM, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 IRP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 ETP-fw, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 HTP-c, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 HTP-nc, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023 SQP, EN 15804. Version: EF 3.1, February2023
Technology description including background systemThe products considered are Steel strand according to GB/T 5224-2023. The iron content of this product is over 98%, and the total content of carbon and trace alloying elements is less than 2%.
Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution levelLess than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs

Data quality assessment

Description of data quality assessment and reference yearsA1: For the raw materials, auxiliary materials and packaging, the dataset was used in 2023 from Ecoinvent 3.10, with priority given to China. If there is no matching data, GLO data is used. The dataset has good geographical representativeness. It is within 3 years. It has the same production technology and can represent the production of raw materials, auxiliary materials and packaging. All data comes from Dalu’s procurement list and inventory ledger. A2: The transportation data comes from EPD owner's raw data, which records the production location of the materials. The dataset with good geographical, temporal, and technical representativeness for each transportation method comes from the Ecoinvent 3.10 database. A3: All data comes from specific data of Dalu. During the production process, the electricity (include self-generation) was generated using a dataset adapted to the 2023 China State Grid. The generated exhaust gas comes from the collected data of the EPD owner. Other data, including the use of fresh water and the disposal of waste, are from the dataset in 2023. Infrastructure and capital goods are not modelled, but the dataset used for electricity includes modelling of infrastructure and capital goods.
Data quality assessment
Process nameSource typeSourceReference yearData categoryShare of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3
Production of wire rodDatabaseEcoinvent 3.102023Secondary data0%
Production of auxiliary materialsDatabaseEcoinvent 3.102023Secondary data0%
Production of packagingDatabaseEcoinvent 3.102023Secondary data0%
Transport of wire rod to manufacturing site DatabaseEcoinvent 3.102023Primary data1.94%
Self-generated and purchased electricity used in manufacturing of product Collected data, Data baseEPD owner, Ecoinvent 3.10Dec 2024 to Nov 2025Primary data15.57%
Natural gas used and exhaust gas emissions in manufacturing of product DatabaseEcoinvent 3.102023Primary data0.27%
Other processDatabaseEcoinvent 3.102023Primary data0.27%
Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A318.05%
The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories.
Electricity data
Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services)
Type of electricity mixResidual electricity mix on the market
Energy sourcesHydro0.87%
Wind8.5%
Solar3.38%
Biomass0%
Geothermal0%
Waste0%
Nuclear1.44%
Natural gas5.37%
Coal80.3%
Oil0.13%
Peat0%
Other0%
GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh)1.19 kg CO2 eq./kWh

System boundary

Description of the system boundarya) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D).
Excluded modulesNo, there is no excluded module, or there are no excluded modules

Declared modules

Product stageConstruction process stageUse stageEnd of life stageBeyond product life cycle
Raw material supplyTransportManufacturingTransport to siteConstruction installationUseMaintenanceRepairReplacementRefurbishmentOperational energy useOperational water useDe-construction demolitionTransportWaste processingDisposalReuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential
ModuleA1A2A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Modules declaredXXXNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDXXXXX
GeographyGlobalGlobalChinaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGlobalGlobalGlobalGlobalGlobal
Share of specific data18.05%--------------
Variation - products0%--------------
Variation - sites0%--------------
DisclaimerThe share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only.

Process flow diagram(s) related images

Default scenario

Name of the default scenarioDefault scenario
Description of the default scenarioTo avoid incorrect assumptions or premises, the most conservative approach was always prioritized in the LCA. Results interpretation has been based solely on factual and statistical results from numeric tables and graphs to avoid subjectivity and biases. For upstream data, the most analogous technological and geographical representations were used. Per assumptions and scenarios of downstream processes. In case of data gap, the most conservative approach was applied. That means the consumption of each material is accurate, but its production process is based on database data, which does not fully comply with the situation of this study. In addition, in module A1, based on the cut-off rule, the coating agent was not modeled. The drawing powder was modeled using fatty acids similar to the main component sodium stearate. Distribution distances in module A2 were estimated with Gaode Map. In A3, the quantity of sludge, scrap iron, and wastewater comes from the receipt which recorded the weight data. The exhaust gas data is calculated by accumulating the product of sensor readings and time.

Module C: End-of-life

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C85% recycling
Brief description of the default scenario in module C85% recycling, 15% landfill. Using default values based on Table 4 in PCR.
Description of the default scenario in module CC1: Due to the wide range of applications of steel strands, it is not possible to obtain the proportion of different downstream usage scenarios. Therefore, based on conservative principles, in module C, it is assumed that all the materials used for concrete (which consumes the most diesel during demolition than any other scenarios). According to the default values in Table 4 of PCR 2019:14 v2.0.1, it is assumed: Demolition/construction of concrete/reinforced concrete,10 kWh/tonne diesel. C2: According to the default values in Table 4 of PCR 2019:14 v2.0.1, it is assumed: Transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated), 80 km, 16-32 tonne lorry (EURO 5), 50% load factor (i.e. in modeling, actual transport distant is 160km). C3: Based on World Steel Association (2020) and PEF method Annex_C, 85% of scrap steel is recycled, and 15% of scrap steel is landfilled, i.e. 0.85 tonne iron scrap is assumed to recycle. According to the default values in Table 4 of PCR 2019:14 v2.0.1, it is assumed: Fragging of steel, 7.4 kWh/tonne diesel and actual 6.29 kWh/tonne diesel has been modeled. C4: 15% of scrap steel is landfilled. According to the default values in Table 4 of PCR 2019:14 v2.0.1, it is assumed: Compacting of inert construction waste for landfills (including backfilling), 1.6 kWh/tonne diesel and 0.24 kWh/tonne diesel has been modeled.
Module C informationValueUnit
Demolition/construction of concrete/reinforced concrete, Diesel per tonne declared unit10
kWh
Transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated), 80km, 16-32 tonne lorry (EURO 5), 50% load factor (i.e. Full load of 160km)160
km
Fragging of steel, Diesel per tonne declared unit6.29
kWh
Compacting of inert construction waste for landfills (including backfilling),, Diesel per tonne declared unit0.24
kWh

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module Denvironment benifit
Brief description of the default scenario in module DThe loads and benefits result from the recycling of product waste.
Description of the default scenario in module DAccording to the guidelines of EN 15804+A2 and the PCR from EPD International, calculations are made for Module D. The loads and benefits result from the recycling of product waste. The product packaging cannot be determined whether it will be recycled, and it cannot be confirmed whether the combustion efficiency is greater than 60% for energy recovery. Therefore, based on conservative principles, the environmental benefits of packaging will not be considered In this LCA study, it is assumed that the landfilling of products covered in Disposal, C4 yields no benefits that extend beyond the product system boundary. In the conventional mechanical dismantling scenario, the industry recognized yield of steel strand sorting, impurity removal, and melting is 95%, with a processing loss of about 5%. Therefore, the Y value is taken as 0.95. Due to the fact that the recycled scrap steel can be re-smelted and the product quality is no different from that of steel products smelted using iron ore. Therefore, QR_out/Qsub is set to 1. All potential benefits from recycling that occur outside the defined system boundary of the studied product system are formally declared and reported in this module.
Module D informationValueUnit
GWP – total-1.58E+03
kg CO2 eq.

Additional scenario 1

Name of the additional scenario100% recycling
Description of the additional scenarioEnvironmental impact of assuming a 100% recycling scenario

Module C: End-of-life

Description of the additional scenario in module CBased on PCR 4.8.4, the corresponding 100% scenarios (100% reuse, 100% recycling, 100% incineration with energy recovery, 100% landfill, etc.) shall be declared. This scenarios in for 100% recycling.
Module C informationValueUnit
Demolition/construction of concrete/reinforced concrete, Diesel per tonne declared unit10
kWh
Transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated), 80km, 16-32 tonne lorry (EURO 5), 50% load factor (i.e. Full load of 160km)160
km
Fragging of steel, Diesel per tonne declared unit7.4
kWh

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Description of the additional scenario in module DThe loads and benefits result from the recycling of product waste. (100% recycling)
Module D informationValueUnit
GWP – total-1.86E+03
kg CO2 eq.

Additional scenario 2

Name of the additional scenario100% landfill
Description of the additional scenarioEnvironmental impact of assuming a 100% landfill scenario

Module C: End-of-life

Description of the additional scenario in module CBased on PCR 4.8.4, the corresponding 100% scenarios (100% reuse, 100% recycling, 100% incineration with energy recovery, 100% landfill, etc.) shall be declared. This scenarios in for 100% landfill.
Module C informationValueUnit
Demolition/construction of concrete/reinforced concrete, Diesel per tonne declared unit10
kWh
Transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated), 80km, 16-32 tonne lorry (EURO 5), 50% load factor (i.e. Full load of 160km)160
km
Compacting of inert construction waste for landfills (including backfilling),, Diesel per tonne declared unit1.6
kWh

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Description of the additional scenario in module DThe loads and benefits result from the recycling of product waste.
Module D informationValueUnit
GWP – total0.00E+00
kg CO2 eq.

Environmental performance

The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.

Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - totalGWP-totalkg CO2 eq.2.43E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.61E+03.13E+12.27E+08.66E-2-1.58E+3
Climate change - fossilGWP-fossilkg CO2 eq.2.43E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.61E+03.13E+12.27E+08.66E-2-1.58E+3
Climate change - biogenicGWP-biogenickg CO2 eq.6.23E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.90E-43.92E-42.45E-49.35E-6-2.41E+0
Climate change - land use and land-use changeGWP-luluckg CO2 eq.7.11E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.13E-41.24E-21.97E-47.52E-6-4.95E-1
Ozone depletionODPkg CFC-11 eq.8.05E-6NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.52E-84.37E-73.47E-81.32E-9-4.86E-6
AcidificationAPmol H+ eq.9.29E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.25E-21.04E-12.05E-27.81E-4-5.40E+0
Eutrophication aquatic freshwaterEP-freshwaterkg P eq.7.74E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.05E-42.46E-36.61E-52.52E-6-5.57E-1
Eutrophication aquatic marineEP-marinekg N eq.2.10E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.51E-23.38E-29.50E-33.62E-4-1.22E+0
Eutrophication terrestrialEP-terrestrialmol N eq.2.25E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.65E-13.68E-11.04E-13.97E-3-1.32E+1
Photochemical ozone formationPOCPkg NMVOC eq.7.31E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.93E-21.45E-13.10E-21.18E-3-4.46E+0
Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metalsADP-minerals&metals1kg Sb eq.2.74E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.26E-61.00E-47.90E-73.01E-8-9.77E-4
Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuelsADP-fossil1MJ, net calorific value2.30E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.72E+14.39E+22.97E+11.13E+0-1.47E+4
Water useWDP1m3 world eq. deprived4.90E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.38E-12.40E+08.69E-23.32E-3-3.54E+2
AcronymsGWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator

Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - GWP-GHGGWP-GHG1kg CO2 eq.2.43E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.61E+03.13E+12.27E+08.66E-2-1.58E+3
AcronymsGWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero.

Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Particulate matter emissionsPMDisease incidence2.09E-4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND9.25E-72.48E-65.82E-72.22E-8-1.36E-4
Ionizing radiation - human healthIRP1kBq U235 eq.3.28E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.11E-23.61E-11.33E-25.07E-4-2.17E+1
Eco-toxicity - freshwaterETP-fw2CTUe6.75E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.68E+01.17E+24.20E+01.60E-1-5.33E+4
Human toxicity - cancer effectsHTP-c2CTUh1.94E-4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.41E-81.62E-78.87E-93.38E-10-1.56E-4
Human toxicity - non-cancer effectsHTP-nc2CTUh2.01E-5NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.40E-92.81E-74.03E-91.54E-10-1.33E-5
Land-use related impacts/soil qualitySQP2Dimensionless6.18E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.30E+02.62E+22.08E+07.93E-2-3.66E+3
AcronymsPM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.
Disclaimer 2The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator.

Resource use indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
PEREMJ, net calorific value9.00E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.89E-15.76E+01.82E-16.93E-3-4.81E+2
PERMMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0-4.47E+1
PERTMJ, net calorific value9.00E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.89E-15.76E+01.82E-16.93E-3-5.26E+2
PENREMJ, net calorific value2.30E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.72E+14.39E+22.97E+11.13E+0-1.46E+4
PENRMMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0-8.92E+1
PENRTMJ, net calorific value2.30E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.72E+14.39E+22.97E+11.13E+0-1.47E+4
SMkg2.43E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.96E-21.97E-11.23E-24.70E-4-1.95E+2
RSFMJ, net calorific value9.48E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.12E-52.51E-33.22E-51.23E-6-6.89E-2
NRSFMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
FWm31.17E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.37E-35.86E-22.12E-38.09E-5-8.49E+0
AcronymsPERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Waste indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
HWDkg4.06E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.27E-27.69E-13.31E-21.26E-3-2.87E+2
NHWDkg4.54E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND7.20E-11.45E+14.53E-11.73E-2-3.22E+3
RWDkg7.95E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.18E-68.84E-53.26E-61.24E-7-5.30E-3
AcronymsHWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Output flow indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
CRUkg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
MFRkg5.00E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.27E-43.23E-38.02E-53.06E-6-2.03E-1
MERkg1.05E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.46E-72.83E-54.07E-71.55E-8-6.44E-4
EEEMJ, net calorific value2.26E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.14E-33.19E-21.34E-35.13E-5-1.67E+0
EETMJ, net calorific value2.57E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.12E-36.44E-27.07E-42.70E-5-1.43E+0
AcronymsCRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4

Additional scenario100% recycling
Description of the scenario/method100% recycling scenarios without landfill.
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
GWP – totalkg CO2e2.43E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.61E+03.13E+12.67E+00.00E+0-1.86E+3
GWP – fossilkg CO2e2.43E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.61E+03.13E+12.67E+00.00E+0-1.85E+3
GWP – biogenickg CO2e6.23E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.90E-43.92E-42.88E-40.00E+0-2.84E+0
GWP – LULUCkg CO2e7.11E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.13E-41.24E-22.32E-40.00E+0-5.83E-1
Ozone depletion pot.kg CFC-11e8.05E-6NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.52E-84.37E-74.08E-80.00E+0-5.71E-6
Acidification potentialmol H+e9.29E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.25E-21.04E-12.41E-20.00E+0-6.35E+0
EP-freshwaterkg Pe7.74E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.05E-42.46E-37.77E-50.00E+0-6.56E-1
EP-marinekg Ne2.10E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.51E-23.38E-21.12E-20.00E+0-1.44E+0
EP-terrestrialmol Ne2.25E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.65E-13.68E-11.22E-10.00E+0-1.55E+1
POCP (“smog”)kg NMVOCe7.31E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.93E-21.45E-13.65E-20.00E+0-5.25E+0
ADP-minerals & metalskg Sbe2.74E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.26E-61.00E-49.30E-70.00E+0-1.15E-3
ADP-fossil resourcesMJ2.30E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.72E+14.39E+23.49E+10.00E+0-1.73E+4
Water usem3e depr.4.90E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.38E-12.40E+01.02E-10.00E+0-4.17E+2
GWP-GHGkg CO2 eq.2.43E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.61E+03.13E+12.67E+00.00E+0-1.85E+3
PEREMJ9.00E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.23E+22.89E-15.76E+00.00E+0-3.54E+2
PERMMJ0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0-5.26E+1
PERTMJ9.00E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.23E+22.89E-15.76E+00.00E+0-4.06E+2
PENREMJ2.30E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.59E+34.72E+14.39E+20.00E+0-1.38E+4
PENRMMJ0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0-1.05E+2
PENRTMJ2.30E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.59E+34.72E+14.39E+20.00E+0-1.39E+4
SMkg4.85E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.99E-11.96E-21.97E-10.00E+0-2.30E+2
RSFMJ1.89E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.47E-35.12E-52.51E-30.00E+0-8.68E-2
NRSFMJ0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
FWm32.25E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.02E+03.37E-35.86E-20.00E+0-1.02E+1
Hazardous waste disposedkg7.66E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.70E+15.27E-27.69E-10.00E+0-3.41E+2
Non-hazardous waste disposedkg8.60E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.00E+27.20E-11.45E+10.00E+0-3.84E+3
Radioactive waste disposedkg1.50E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.04E-35.18E-68.84E-50.00E+0-6.57E-3
Components for re-usekg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Material for recyclingkg7.66E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.38E-11.27E-43.23E-30.00E+0-2.49E-1
Materials for energy recoverykg1.98E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.41E-46.46E-72.83E-50.00E+0-8.60E-4
Exported energy, electricityMJ4.48E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND7.13E-22.14E-33.19E-20.00E+0-2.08E+0
Exported energy, thermalMJ4.98E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.27E-11.12E-36.44E-20.00E+0-2.23E+0
Acronyms
Disclaimers
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4

Additional scenario100% landfill
Description of the scenario/method100% landifill scenarios without recycling.
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
GWP – totalkg CO2e2.43E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.61E+03.13E+10.00E+05.77E-10.00E+0
GWP – fossilkg CO2e2.43E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.61E+03.13E+10.00E+05.77E-10.00E+0
GWP – biogenickg CO2e6.23E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.90E-43.92E-40.00E+06.24E-50.00E+0
GWP – LULUCkg CO2e7.11E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.13E-41.24E-20.00E+05.02E-50.00E+0
Ozone depletion pot.kg CFC-11e8.05E-6NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.52E-84.37E-70.00E+08.83E-90.00E+0
Acidification potentialmol H+e9.29E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.25E-21.04E-10.00E+05.21E-30.00E+0
EP-freshwaterkg Pe7.74E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.05E-42.46E-30.00E+01.68E-50.00E+0
EP-marinekg Ne2.10E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.51E-23.38E-20.00E+02.42E-30.00E+0
EP-terrestrialmol Ne2.25E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.65E-13.68E-10.00E+02.64E-20.00E+0
POCP (“smog”)kg NMVOCe7.31E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.93E-21.45E-10.00E+07.89E-30.00E+0
ADP-minerals & metalskg Sbe2.74E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.26E-61.00E-40.00E+02.01E-70.00E+0
ADP-fossil resourcesMJ2.30E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.72E+14.39E+20.00E+07.55E+00.00E+0
Water usem3e depr.4.90E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.38E-12.40E+00.00E+02.21E-20.00E+0
GWP-GHGkg CO2 eq.2.43E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.61E+03.13E+10.00E+05.77E-10.00E+0
PEREMJ9.00E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.89E-15.76E+00.00E+04.62E-20.00E+0
PERMMJ0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
PERTMJ9.00E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.89E-15.76E+00.00E+04.62E-20.00E+0
PENREMJ2.30E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.72E+14.39E+20.00E+07.55E+00.00E+0
PENRMMJ0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
PENRTMJ2.30E+4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.72E+14.39E+20.00E+07.55E+00.00E+0
SMkg2.43E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.96E-21.97E-10.00E+03.13E-30.00E+0
RSFMJ9.48E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.12E-52.51E-30.00E+08.19E-60.00E+0
NRSFMJ0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
FWm31.17E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.37E-35.86E-20.00E+05.39E-40.00E+0
Hazardous waste disposedkg4.06E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.27E-27.69E-10.00E+08.43E-30.00E+0
Non-hazardous waste disposedkg4.54E+3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND7.20E-11.45E+10.00E+01.15E-10.00E+0
Radioactive waste disposedkg7.95E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.18E-68.84E-50.00E+08.29E-70.00E+0
Components for re-usekg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Material for recyclingkg5.00E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.27E-43.23E-30.00E+02.04E-50.00E+0
Materials for energy recoverykg1.05E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.46E-72.83E-50.00E+01.03E-70.00E+0
Exported energy, electricityMJ2.26E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.14E-33.19E-20.00E+03.42E-40.00E+0
Exported energy, thermalMJ2.57E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.12E-36.44E-20.00E+01.80E-40.00E+0
Acronyms
Disclaimers
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Abbreviations

Not applicable

References

a) General Programme Instructions of International EPD System. Version 5.0.1

b) PCR 2019:14. Construction products. Version 2.0.1

c) ISO 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations Principles and procedures.

d) ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Principles and frameworks.

e) ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Requirements and guidelines.

f) EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products.

g) LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT REPORT IN ACCORDANCE WITH EN 15804+A2 & PCR 2019:14 STEEL STRANDS (SEVEN WIRE), version 4.0.0 (2026.03.19)

h) World Steel Association (2020), World Steel Association Report 2020. Steel recycling in construction sector.

i) PEF method, Annex_C_V2.1_May2020

Version history

Version 001, 2026-03-02, Original version of the EPD

Version 002, 2026-03-19, Revision 1 of the EPD

Version 003, 2026-03-25, Revision 2 of the EPD