EPD-IES-0025906:004
Forging Product
Ultra-large Forging Product are manufactured on a custom-order basis and are used as critical materials in diverse industries such as wind energy, oil and gas, petrochemicals, industrial equipment, nuclear power, shipbuilding, and aerospace.
General information
| EPD Owner | TAEWOONG |
|---|---|
| Registration number | EPD-IES-0025906:004 |
| PCR | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
| Status | Valid |
| Initial version date | 2025-12-01 |
| Validity date | 2030-11-11 |
| EN 15804 compliant | Yes |
| Geographical scope | South Korea |
Programme information
| Programme | International EPD System |
|---|---|
| Address | EPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden |
| Website | www.environdec.com |
| support@environdec.com |
Product category rules
| CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) | |
| Product Category Rules (PCR) | 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (version 2.0.1) 2.0.1 |
|---|---|
| PCR review was conducted by | The Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Rob Rouwette (chair), Noa Meron (co-chair). The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support. |
Verification
| LCA accountability | CHOI MIN HYOEK, knigon@naver.com, EWC |
|---|---|
| Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via | |
| Third-party verifier | SGS ICS Italia Srl |
| Accredited by | Accredia |
| Accredited certification body address | Italy |
| Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier | |
| *EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.envrondec.com. | |
Ownership and limitation on use of EPD
Limitations
EPDs within the same product category but published in different EPD programmes, may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same first-digit version number) or be based on fully aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have identical scope in terms of included life-cycle stages (unless the excluded life-cycle stage is demonstrated to be insignificant); apply identical impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); and be valid at the time of comparison.
Ownership
The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.
Information about EPD Owner
| EPD Owner | TAEWOONG |
|---|---|
| Contact person name | SEHWAN KIM |
| Contact person e-mail | sehwan.kim@taewoong.com |
| Organisation address | South Korea Busan 46751 67, Norksansandan 27-ro, Gangseo-gu |
Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner
Taewoong is a global integrated steel company that has established a vertically integrated production system—from raw material manufacturing to forging—by positioning its steelmaking operations as a new growth engine built upon its core forging business. Taewoong has an annual steelmaking capacity of 700,000 tons and a forging capacity of 350,000 tons. Recognizing the importance of environmental sustainability, the steelmaking division is equipped with technologies, including a 120-ton electric arc furnace (EAF), ladle furnace (LF), vacuum degassing and decarburization systems, as well as ingot casting facilities for both atmospheric and vacuum conditions. Notably, Taewoong has established the round bloom casting line, capable of producing sizes ranging from medium-scale to the Ø1000 round bloom. The forging division, supported by its advanced technology and facilities such as a 15,000-ton press and a 9,500-ring rolling mill, manufactures two products recognized as World-Class Products of Korea. With an approximately 30% share in the global wind power core components market, Taewoong stands as a leading company in the renewable energy sector.
Organisation logo
Product information
| Product name | Forging Product |
|---|---|
| Product identification | Forging Product are manufactured on a custom-order basis. The products can be classified by shape into categories such as Ring, Disc, Shaft, Shell, Pipe and Block. |
| Product description | Ultra-large Forging Product are manufactured on a custom-order basis and are used as critical materials in diverse industries such as wind energy, oil and gas, petrochemicals, industrial equipment, nuclear power, shipbuilding, and aerospace. |
| Technical purpose of product | wind energy, oil and gas, petrochemicals, industrial equipment, nuclear power, shipbuilding, and aerospace |
| Manufacturing or service provision description | The manufacturing process includes heating steel billets for forging, shaping them under high pressure, and forming rings through ring rolling. The forged products undergo heat treatment to enhance mechanical properties, followed by precision machining to meet specifications. Final steps include inspection through various quality tests and secure packing for shipment. |
| Material properties | Volumetric mass density: 7850 kg/m3 |
| Manufacturing site | TAEWOONG Noksan factory South Korea BUSAN 46751 67, Norksansandan 27-ro, Gangseo-gu |
| UN CPC code | 42190. Other structures (except prefabricated buildings) and parts of structures, of iron, steel or aluminium; plates, rods, angles, shapes, sections, profiles, tubes and the like, prepared for use in structures, of iron, steel or aluminium; props and similar eq |
| Geographical scope | South Korea |
| Geographical scope description | modules A1, A2, and A3 has been defined as Republic of Korea |
Product images
Technical characteristics and performance
Technical performance
| Product name | Diameter(Max, mm) | Length or Height(Max, mm) | Weight(Max, ton) |
|---|---|---|---|
| RING | 11000 | 2750 | 100 |
| DISC | 6500 | - | 160 |
| SHAFT | - | 16000 | 160 |
| SHELL | 6700 | 4500 | 160 |
| PIPE | - | 11000 | 160 |
| BLOCK | SQ3,500 X SQ6,000 | - | 160 |
Content declaration
| Hazardous and toxic substances | The product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight. |
|---|
| Content name | Mass, kg | Post-consumer recycled material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material, mass-% of product | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon & Alloy | 979.52 | 0 | 0 | |
| Stainless Steel | 19.94 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cutting oil | 0.54 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | |||
| Material name | Mass, kg | Mass-% (versus the product) | Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Auto Bucking Bar | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0 |
| Auto Nails | 0.02 | 0 | 0 |
| Angle | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0 |
| Bolt | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
| Wood | 14.46 | 1.45 | 0 |
| Total | 14.92 | 1.49 | 0 |
| Note 1 | 1 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2 | ||
LCA information
| EPD based on declared or functional unit | Declared unit |
|---|---|
| Declared unit and reference flow | Forging Product Mass: 1000 kg |
| Conversion factor to mass | 1 |
| Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes? | |
| Datasources used for this EPD | ecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.11 database |
| LCA Software | SimaPro SimaPro 9.6 |
| Additional information about the underlying LCA-based information | <Cut-off Rules> Instead of arbitrary cut-off criteria, all available energy and material flow data were included in the model for processes within the system boundary. <Allocation Rules> The product manufacturing facility exclusively produces Forging Product. Therefore, allocation is not need. |
| Version of the EN 15804 reference package | EF Reference Package 3.1 |
| Characterisation methods | EN15804 EF 3.1 |
| Technology description including background system | The product is manufactured using conventional hot forging technologies with subsequent heat treatment and machining. Furnaces and CNC machining systems are employed to enhance process performance and product quality. The background system includes upstream processes such as raw material production, electricity, and fuel supply, modeled using data from the ecoinvent database representing average industrial conditions. |
| Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution level | Less than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs |
Data quality assessment
| Description of data quality assessment and reference years | 2024-01-01 to 2024-12-31. The quality of the relevant data used for the EPD in terms of its time, geography and technology representativeness using EN 15804:2012+A2:2019, Annex E, E2. The relevant data assessed included no "poor” or “very poor” data. |
|---|
| Process name | Source type | Source | Reference year | Data category | Share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturing of product | Collected data | EPD Owner | 2024 | Primary data | 46.7% |
| Production of Carbon&Alloy(R/B)_TW | Database | EPD Owner | 2024 | Primary data | 12.8% |
| Production of Carbon&Alloy(Ingot)_TW | Database | EPD Owner | 2024 | Primary data | 24.4% |
| Production of Carbon&Alloy(SLAB) | Database | Ecoinvent v3.11 | 2011~2024 | Secondary data | 0% |
| Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3 | 83.9% | ||||
| The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that supports the use of more primary data to increase the representativeness of and comparability between EPDs. Note that the indicator does not capture all relevant aspects of data quality and is not comparable across product categories. | |||||
| Comment on the data sources and other information in the table | Data for the manufacturing processes of product were collected from Taewoong’s 2024 operational data. The production of Carbon&Alloy(R/B_TW) and production of Carbon&Alloy(INGOT_TW) datasets were also treated as primary data, as they were generated from Taewoong’s 2024 data and used as database inputs for this EPD. The production of Carbon&Alloy(SLAB), which is purchased as an external material, was modeled using the ecoinvent database based on the ecoinvent v3.11 database (2011–2024). |
|---|
| Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3 (A5 for services) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of electricity mix | Residual electricity mix on the market | |
| Energy sources | Hydro | 1.96% |
| Wind | 0.6% | |
| Solar | 0% | |
| Biomass | 0.75% | |
| Geothermal | 0% | |
| Waste | 0% | |
| Nuclear | 28.27% | |
| Natural gas | 33.58% | |
| Coal | 33.53% | |
| Oil | 0.4% | |
| Peat | 0% | |
| Other | 0.93% | |
| GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh) | 0.65 kg CO2 eq./kWh | |
System boundary
| Description of the system boundary | a) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D). |
|---|---|
| Excluded modules | No, there is no excluded module, or there are no excluded modules |
Declared modules
| Product stage | Construction process stage | Use stage | End of life stage | Beyond product life cycle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Raw material supply | Transport | Manufacturing | Transport to site | Construction installation | Use | Maintenance | Repair | Replacement | Refurbishment | Operational energy use | Operational water use | De-construction demolition | Transport | Waste processing | Disposal | Reuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules declared | X | X | X | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geography | South Korea | South Korea | South Korea | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Global | Global | Global | Global | Global | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share of specific data | 83.9% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - products | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Variation - sites | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer | The share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Process flow diagram(s) related images
Default scenario
| Name of the default scenario | Baseline |
|---|---|
| Description of the default scenario | Forging Product are manufactured on a custom-order basis. The products can be classified by shape into categories such as Ring, Disc, Shaft, Shell, Pipe and Block. |
Module C: End-of-life
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C | 85% steel recycling |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module C | demolition and waste processing for recycling |
| Description of the default scenario in module C | a. De-construction demolition (C1) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 1.1 kWh/ton was applied for the demolition/deconstruction of steel, wood, and other materials. b. Transport to the waste processing site (C2) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 80km was applied for transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated). c. Waste processing (C3) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 7.4 kWh/ton was applied for fragging of steel. - Approximately 85% of steel is assumed to be recycled based on World Steel Association, 2020. d. Disposal (C4) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 1.6 kWh/ton was applied for compacting of inert construction waste for landfills. - It is assumed that the remaining 15 % of steel is buried to landfill for final disposal. |
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D | 85% steel recycling |
|---|---|
| Brief description of the default scenario in module D | World Steel Association’s Life Cycle inventory |
| Description of the default scenario in module D | During the recycling process, 85% of the end-of-life product is converted into recycled steel. |
Additional scenario 1
| Name of the additional scenario | EoL 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | 100% steel recycling |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | a. De-construction demolition (C1) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 1.1 kWh/ton was applied for the demolition/deconstruction of steel, wood, and other materials. b. Transport to the waste processing site (C2) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 80km was applied for transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated). c. Waste processing (C3) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 7.4 kWh/ton was applied for fragging of steel. - 100% of steel is assumed to be recycled. d. Disposal (C4) - Not applicable |
|---|
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | During the recycling process, 100% of the end-of-life product is converted into recycled steel. |
|---|
Additional scenario 2
| Name of the additional scenario | EoL 100% Landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the additional scenario | 100% steel landfill |
Module C: End-of-life
| Description of the additional scenario in module C | a. De-construction demolition (C1) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 1.1 kWh/ton was applied for the demolition/deconstruction of steel, wood, and other materials. b. Transport to the waste processing site (C2) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 80km was applied for transport (for products/materials not to be incinerated). c. Waste processing (C3) - not applicable d. Disposal (C4) - According to Table 4 of the PCR, 1.6 kWh/ton was applied for compacting of inert construction waste for landfills. - It is assumed that 100 % of steel is buried to landfill for final disposal. |
|---|
Module D: Beyond product life cycle
| Description of the additional scenario in module D | Not applicable (100% landfill) |
|---|
Environmental performance
The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.
Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 3.08E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.84E-1 | 1.25E+1 | 2.20E+1 | 2.37E+0 | 1.54E+1 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 3.10E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.84E-1 | 1.25E+1 | 2.19E+1 | 2.37E+0 | 1.53E+1 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | -2.00E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.58E-5 | 7.35E-4 | 9.46E-2 | 1.96E-4 | 9.43E-2 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 1.16E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.20E-5 | 5.09E-3 | 3.93E-2 | 5.59E-4 | 3.89E-2 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 5.25E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.31E-8 | 1.82E-7 | 4.06E-7 | 4.62E-8 | 3.18E-7 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 1.23E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.52E-3 | 5.67E-2 | 1.00E-1 | 1.03E-2 | 8.33E-2 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.10E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.18E-5 | 1.00E-3 | 1.41E-3 | 9.51E-5 | 1.33E-3 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 4.14E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.67E-4 | 2.13E-2 | 3.82E-2 | 3.94E-3 | 3.17E-2 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 4.34E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.05E-2 | 2.32E-1 | 4.14E-1 | 4.30E-2 | 3.43E-1 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.29E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.95E-3 | 8.01E-2 | 1.47E-1 | 1.57E-2 | 1.20E-1 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals1 | kg Sb eq. | 7.19E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.64E-7 | 3.91E-5 | 4.08E-5 | 1.70E-6 | 3.97E-5 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil1 | MJ, net calorific value | 4.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.29E+1 | 1.78E+2 | 3.59E+2 | 4.18E+1 | 2.72E+2 |
| Water use | WDP1 | m3 world eq. deprived | 4.55E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.22E-2 | 8.50E-1 | 6.49E+0 | 1.02E+0 | 6.41E+0 |
| Acronyms | GWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator | ||||||||||||||||
Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - GWP-GHG | GWP-GHG1 | kg CO2 eq. | 3.10E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.84E-1 | 1.25E+1 | 2.19E+1 | 2.37E+0 | 1.53E+1 |
| Acronyms | GWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas. | ||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimer 1 | The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero. | ||||||||||||||||
Resource use indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERE | MJ, net calorific value | 9.57E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.48E-2 | 2.33E+0 | 3.57E+0 | 2.57E-1 | 3.33E+0 |
| PERM | MJ, net calorific value | 2.74E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PERT | MJ, net calorific value | 1.23E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.48E-2 | 2.33E+0 | 3.57E+0 | 2.57E-1 | 3.33E+0 |
| PENRE | MJ, net calorific value | 4.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.29E+1 | 1.78E+2 | 3.59E+2 | 4.18E+1 | 2.72E+2 |
| PENRM | MJ, net calorific value | 6.78E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| PENRT | MJ, net calorific value | 4.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.29E+1 | 1.78E+2 | 3.59E+2 | 4.18E+1 | 2.72E+2 |
| SM | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| RSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| NRSF | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| FW | m3 | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Waste indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HWD | kg | 2.51E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.08E-4 | 4.70E-3 | 3.50E+0 | 4.80E-4 | 3.50E+0 |
| NHWD | kg | 6.08E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.76E-3 | 1.08E+1 | 8.53E+2 | 1.50E+2 | 8.53E+2 |
| RWD | kg | 1.21E-1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.74E-7 | 3.77E-5 | 5.56E-5 | 4.56E-6 | 5.11E-5 |
| Acronyms | HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Output flow indicators according to EN 15804
| Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRU | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| MFR | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 8.51E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 8.51E-1 |
| MER | kg | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EEE | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| EET | MJ, net calorific value | 0.00E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy. | |||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | |||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | EoL 100% recycling |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | EoL 100% recycling according to EN 15804 |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 3.08E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.84E-1 | 1.25E+1 | 2.48E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.81E+1 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 3.10E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.84E-1 | 1.25E+1 | 2.46E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.80E+1 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | -2.00E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.58E-5 | 7.35E-4 | 1.11E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.11E-1 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 1.16E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.20E-5 | 5.09E-3 | 4.61E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 4.58E-2 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 5.25E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.31E-8 | 1.82E-7 | 4.62E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 3.74E-7 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 1.23E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.52E-3 | 5.67E-2 | 1.15E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 9.80E-2 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.10E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.18E-5 | 1.00E-3 | 1.65E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 1.57E-3 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 4.14E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.67E-4 | 2.13E-2 | 4.38E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 3.73E-2 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 4.34E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.05E-2 | 2.32E-1 | 4.75E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 4.04E-1 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.29E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.95E-3 | 8.01E-2 | 1.68E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 1.42E-1 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals | kg Sb eq. | 7.19E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.64E-7 | 3.91E-5 | 4.78E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 4.67E-5 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil | MJ, net calorific value | 4.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.29E+1 | 1.78E+2 | 4.07E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 3.20E+2 |
| Water use | WDP | m3 world eq. deprived | 4.55E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.22E-2 | 8.50E-1 | 7.62E+0 | 0.00E+0 | 7.54E+0 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | |||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Results for additional scenarios for modules A4-C4
| Additional scenario | EoL 100% Landfill |
|---|---|
| Description of the scenario/method | EoL 100% Landfill according to EN 15804 |
| Impact category | Indicator | Unit | A1-A3 | A4 | A5 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | B6 | B7 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate change - total | GWP-total | kg CO2 eq. | 3.08E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.84E-1 | 1.25E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 7.69E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - fossil | GWP-fossil | kg CO2 eq. | 3.10E+3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.84E-1 | 1.25E+1 | 0.00E+0 | 7.69E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - biogenic | GWP-biogenic | kg CO2 eq. | -2.00E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.58E-5 | 7.35E-4 | 0.00E+0 | 9.29E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Climate change - land use and land-use change | GWP-luluc | kg CO2 eq. | 1.16E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.20E-5 | 5.09E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 3.30E-3 | 0.00E+0 |
| Ozone depletion | ODP | kg CFC-11 eq. | 5.25E-5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.31E-8 | 1.82E-7 | 0.00E+0 | 2.00E-7 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acidification | AP | mol H+ eq. | 1.23E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.52E-3 | 5.67E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 4.80E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eutrophication aquatic freshwater | EP-freshwater | kg P eq. | 1.10E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.18E-5 | 1.00E-3 | 0.00E+0 | 5.37E-4 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eutrophication aquatic marine | EP-marine | kg N eq. | 4.14E+0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.67E-4 | 2.13E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 1.83E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Eutrophication terrestrial | EP-terrestrial | mol N eq. | 4.34E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.05E-2 | 2.32E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 2.00E-1 | 0.00E+0 |
| Photochemical ozone formation | POCP | kg NMVOC eq. | 1.29E+1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.95E-3 | 8.01E-2 | 0.00E+0 | 7.18E-2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metals | ADP-minerals&metals | kg Sb eq. | 7.19E-3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.64E-7 | 3.91E-5 | 0.00E+0 | 1.00E-5 | 0.00E+0 |
| Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuels | ADP-fossil | MJ, net calorific value | 4.72E+4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.29E+1 | 1.78E+2 | 0.00E+0 | 1.72E+2 | 0.00E+0 |
| Water use | WDP | m3 world eq. deprived | 4.55E+2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.22E-2 | 8.50E-1 | 0.00E+0 | 6.72E+0 | 0.00E+0 |
| Acronyms | |||||||||||||||||
| Disclaimers | |||||||||||||||||
| General disclaimer | The results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services). | ||||||||||||||||
Abbreviations
EPD: Environmental Product Declaration
PCR: Product Category rules
LCA: Life Cycle Assessment
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
CPC: Central Product Classification
GRI: Global Reporting Initiative
References
General Programme Instructions of the International EPD® System. Version 5.0.1
PCR 2019:14. Construction Products. Version 2.0.1
ISO. (2006). ISO 14040/Amd.1:2020: Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
ISO. (2006). ISO 14044:2006/Amd.1:2017/Amd.2:2020 Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
SimaPro (Version 10.2.0.1). SimaPro database manual Methods Library
Ecoinvent Database 3.11
SIST. (2023). SLOVENSKI STANDARD SIST EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 01-december-2019
Version history
Original Version of the EPD, 2025-11-12