EPD-IES-0022870:002

Hooked-End Steel Fibres

Hooked-end steel fibres are high-strength, cold-drawn steel wires that are formed into hooked-end shapes. These fibres are specifically designed to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete, providing improved tensile strength, ductility, and crack resistance.

General information

EPD OwnerContinental Steel Pte Ltd
Registration numberEPD-IES-0022870:002
PCR2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) 1.3.4
StatusValid
Publication date2025-07-09
Valid until2030-06-19
EN 15804 compliantYes
Geographical scopeAsia, Global

Product images

Programme information

ProgrammeInternational EPD System
AddressEPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden
Websitewww.environdec.com
E-mailsupport@environdec.com

Product category rules

CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR)
Product Category Rules (PCR)2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) 1.3.4
PCR review was conducted byThe Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Claudia A. Peña, University of Concepción, Chile. The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support.

Verification

LCA accountabilityNatasha Witto, natasha.witto@gmail.com, Continental Steel Pte Ltd
Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via
Third-party verifierBureau Veritas Certification Sverige AB
Accredited bySWEDAC
Accredited certification body addressSweden
Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier
*EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.envrondec.com.

Ownership and limitation on use of EPD

Limitations

EPDs within the same product category but registered in different EPD programmes may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same version number up to the first two digits) or be based on fully-aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have equivalent system boundaries and descriptions of data; apply equivalent data quality requirements, methods of data collection, and allocation methods; apply identical cut-off rules and impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); have equivalent content declarations; and be valid at the time of comparison.

Ownership

The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.

Information about EPD Owner

EPD OwnerContinental Steel Pte Ltd
Contact person nameNg Heng Li
Contact person e-mailhengli.ng@consteel.com.sg
Organisation addressSingapore Singapore 629586 100 GUL CIRCLE

Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner

Continental Steel Pte Ltd (hereby referred as ‘Continental Steel’) is one of the largest premier steel suppliers in Southeast Asia, celebrating over 40 years of engineering innovation and growth. The company provides a comprehensive range of ready stock, ensuring quick access for urgent needs. They have close partnerships with suppliers around the globe, offering top-grade products with commitment to quality and compliance. Continental Steel has expanded its operations to include a new steel fibre production line, operated under Viewforth Trading and Engineering Pte Ltd. This production line focuses on manufacturing high-quality steel fibres used for reinforced concrete applications. The process involves drawing steel wire to precise diameters, forming hooked-end fibres, and packaging them for distribution.

Organisation logo

Product information

Product nameHooked-End Steel Fibres
Product identification• Product Codes: o CFMT 100/60: Diameter 1.0 mm, Length 60 mm, Tensile Strength 1500 MPa o CFHT 90/60: Diameter 0.9 mm, Length 60 mm, Tensile Strength 1900 MPa o CFLT 75/60: Diameter 0.75 mm, Length 60 mm, Tensile Strength 1450 MPa
Product descriptionHooked-end steel fibres are high-strength, cold-drawn steel wires that are formed into hooked-end shapes. These fibres are specifically designed to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete, providing improved tensile strength, ductility, and crack resistance.
Technical purpose of productThe primary purpose of hooked-end steel fibres is to reinforce concrete, making it more durable and resilient. The hooked ends of the fibres provide better anchorage within the concrete matrix, ensuring that the fibres remain securely embedded and effectively distribute stress throughout the concrete. • Application/Intended Use: Hooked-end steel fibres are used in a variety of construction applications, including: o Industrial Floors: Enhancing the load-bearing capacity and durability of concrete floors in warehouses, factories, and other industrial settings. o Tunnels: Providing additional reinforcement to concrete linings in tunnels, improving their structural integrity and resistance to cracking. o Precast Concrete: Used in the production of precast concrete elements such as panels, pipes, and blocks to improve their strength and durability. o Shotcrete: Applied in shotcrete (sprayed concrete) for slope stabilization, mining, and underground construction to enhance the mechanical properties and reduce rebound. o Bridges and Highways: Reinforcing concrete in bridges, highways, and
Manufacturing or service provision descriptionContinental Steel has expanded its operations to include a new steel fibre production line, operated under Viewforth Trading and Engineering Pte Ltd. This production line focuses on manufacturing high-quality steel fibres used for reinforced concrete applications. The process involves drawing steel wire to precise diameters, forming hooked-end fibres, and packaging them for distribution.
Material propertiesVolumetric mass density: 1 kg/m3
Production siteContinental Steel Pte Ltd Singapore Singapore 629586 100 Gul Circle
UN CPC code41261. Bars and rods, cold-formed, cold-finished or further worked, of iron or non-alloy steel
Geographical scopeAsia, Global
Geographical scope descriptionThe geographical boundary of the project is the location of Continental Steel Pte Ltd’s production site in Singapore, where the steel fibres are manufactured. The raw materials are sourced from varying locations globally. While end-of-life scenarios will be based on a global geographical scope.

Content declaration

Content declaration of multiple productsWeighted average for packaging is used, while all three diameters will be 100% steel so there is no difference anticipated.
Hazardous and toxic substancesThe product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight.
Product content
Content nameWeight, kgPost-consumer recycled material, weight-% of productBiogenic material, weight-% of productBiogenic material1, kg C/product
Steel fibre1000
Total1000
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2
Packaging materials
Material nameWeight, kgWeight-% (versus the product)Biogenic material1, kg C/product
Option 1: Polypropylene woven bag0.010.20
Option 2: Paper bag0.010.50.42
Total0.020.700.42
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2

LCA information

EPD based on declared or functional unitFunctional unit
Functional unit description1 kg of Steel Fibres (Electric arc furnace (EAF-based), mass excluding packaging)
Reference flowSteel Fibre Mass: 1 kg
Conversion factor to mass1
Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes?
Datasources used for this EPDecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.9.1 database Other database Other | Other
LCA SoftwareSimaPro SimaPro 9.5
Version of the EN 15804 reference packageEF Reference Package 3.0
Technology description including background systemThe products considered are 1 kg of hooked-end steel fibres (Electric arc furnace (EAF-based)). 5.5 mm wire rod is used for the manufacturing of steel fibre, which is the main input. The wire is drawn through 15 drawing blocks and dies to reduce its diameter to 1.0, 0.9, or 0.75 mm. It is threaded and spooled after the drawing process.
Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution levelMore than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs
Scrap (recycled material) inputs data
Material scrap nameMaterial scrap value
Steel scrap from incoming A1 (steel wire)1800, kg CO2 eq./tonne
The share of the total scrap input that was assumed to come with an environmental burden94%

Data quality assessment and reference years

Description of data quality assessment and reference yearsThe collection of the foreground data refers to Q1 2025. Continental Steel started production in early 2025, so this analysis is based on the first available Quartal operational period.
Data quality assessment and reference years
Process nameSource typeSourceReference yearData categoryShare of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3
A1 - Incoming steel wireEnvironment product declaration (EPD) of steel wire suppliers which were published in 2025 as an input to A1EPD supplierDec 31 202 - Dec 30 202Primary data96%
The rest of A1, A2, A3DatabaseEcoinvent, EPD owner for quantitiesDec 31 202 - Feb 28 202Secondary data0%
Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A396%
The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that do not capture all relevant aspects of data quality. The indicator is not comparable across product categories.
Electricity data
Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3
Type of electricity mixSpecific electricity mix as generated, or purchased from an electricity supplier, demonstrated by a contractual instrument
Energy sourcesHydro0%
Wind3.5%
Solar96.5%
Biomass0%
Geothermal0%
Waste0%
Nuclear0%
Natural gas0%
Coal0%
Oil0%
Peat0%
Other0%
GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh)0.07 kg CO2 eq./kWh

System boundary

Description of the system boundarya) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D).
Excluded modulesNo, there is no excluded module, or there are no excluded modules

Declared modules

Product stageConstruction process stageUse stageEnd of life stageBeyond product life cycle
Raw material supplyTransportManufacturingTransport to siteConstruction installationUseMaintenanceRepairReplacementRefurbishmentOperational energy useOperational water useDe-construction demolitionTransportWaste processingDisposalReuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential
ModuleA1A2A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Modules declaredXXXNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDXXXXX
GeographyGlobalGlobalSingaporeN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGlobalGlobalGlobalGlobalGlobal
Share of specific data96%--------------
Variation - products1%--------------
Variation - sites0%--------------

Description of the process flow diagram(s)

5.5 mm wire rod is used for the manufacturing of steel fibre, which comprised of the following steps: • Surface preparation and coating – First, the wire rod is prepared through unwinding, descaling, cleaning, rinsing, coating, and drying. For this, lubricants and coating agents are used, as well as water for rinsing. • Drawing: The wire is drawn through 15 drawing blocks and dies to reduce its diameter to 1.0, 0.9, or 0.75 mm. It is threaded and spooled after the drawing process. • Forming and cutting: the fibres are formed and cut to 60 mm lengths. • Packaging: Finally, the fibres are packed into paper bags (20 kg) or polypropylene (PP) woven bag (500 kg), sealed, and stored before being sent off to buyers.

Process flow diagram(s) related images

Default scenario

Name of the default scenarioBaseline
Description of the default scenarioFor this purpose, the life cycle emissions of the project’s baseline scenario (steel fibre production, with a production mix/share of varying diameters: 80% 0.9 mm, 10% 1.0 mm, and 10% 0.75 mm) are presented in this report. The production mix is based on the production line’s capability and anticipated market demand.

Module C: End-of-life

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module C90% steel recycling
Brief description of the default scenario in module CDismantling and waste processing for recycling
Description of the default scenario in module CA best practice representative has been applied in line with the World Steel Association’s Life Cycle inventory (avoided burden approach). Additional assumptions used is that: • Recycling rate: 90%, in which the rest will go to landfill. • Recycled content of primary materials: 85% is assumed. • Transport distance from deconstruction to waste processing facility: 50 km is assumed.

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module D90% steel recycling
Brief description of the default scenario in module DWorld Steel Association’s Life Cycle inventory
Description of the default scenario in module DBased on World Steel Association’s Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for Steel Scrap. It refers to the overall net recycling credits (EoL recycling rate minus the scrap input)
Module D informationValueUnit
N/A

Environmental performance

The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.

Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - totalGWP-totalkg CO2 eq.1.19E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.22E-39.64E-32.76E-36.34E-4-8.66E-2
Climate change - fossilGWP-fossilkg CO2 eq.7.77E-4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.51E-61.37E-51.77E-51.36E-64.42E-5
Climate change - biogenicGWP-biogenickg CO2 eq.2.63E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.87E-75.00E-65.70E-63.73E-7-1.79E-6
Climate change - land use and land-use changeGWP-luluckg CO2 eq.1.20E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.22E-39.66E-32.78E-36.36E-4-8.66E-2
Ozone depletionODPkg CFC-11 eq.4.37E-9NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND9.66E-111.48E-101.87E-111.76E-11-1.89E-16
AcidificationAPmol H+ eq.1.10E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.63E-52.33E-51.40E-54.58E-6-1.86E-4
Eutrophication aquatic freshwaterEP-freshwaterkg P eq.4.19E-5NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.86E-77.71E-71.28E-65.06E-8-1.57E-8
Eutrophication aquatic marineEP-marinekg N eq.1.25E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.61E-55.69E-62.66E-61.76E-6-3.27E-5
Eutrophication terrestrialEP-terrestrialmol N eq.1.57E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.84E-45.84E-52.68E-51.88E-5-2.87E-4
Photochemical ozone formationPOCPkg NMVOC eq.4.48E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND8.40E-53.11E-57.98E-66.56E-6-1.33E-4
Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metalsADP-minerals&metals1kg Sb eq.3.43E-6NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.12E-93.06E-81.51E-88.44E-10-2.16E-7
Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuelsADP-fossil1MJ, net calorific value1.49E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND7.95E-21.33E-13.50E-21.51E-2-7.95E-1
Water useWDP1m3 world eq. deprived1.82E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.75E-46.01E-44.93E-46.70E-4-1.45E-1
AcronymsGWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator

Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - GWP-GHGGWP-GHG1kg CO2 eq.1.19E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.22E-39.64E-32.76E-36.34E-4-8.66E-2
AcronymsGWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero.

Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Particulate matter emissionsPMDisease incidence0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Ionizing radiation - human healthIRP1kBq U235 eq.0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Eco-toxicity - freshwaterETP-fw2CTUe0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Human toxicity - cancer effectsHTP-c2CTUh0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Human toxicity - non-cancer effectsHTP-nc2CTUh0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
Land-use related impacts/soil qualitySQP2Dimensionless0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
AcronymsPM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.
Disclaimer 2The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator.

Resource use indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
PEREMJ, net calorific value4.40E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.53E-41.72E-34.86E-31.30E-42.53E-3
PERMMJ, net calorific value3.10E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
PERTMJ, net calorific value4.43E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.53E-41.72E-34.86E-31.30E-42.53E-3
PENREMJ, net calorific value1.18E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND7.95E-21.33E-13.50E-21.51E-2-7.95E-1
PENRMMJ, net calorific value1.57E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
PENRTMJ, net calorific value1.20E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND7.95E-21.33E-13.50E-21.51E-2-7.95E-1
SMkg-1.19E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
RSFMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
NRSFMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
FWm33.12E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0-8.74E+0
AcronymsPERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Waste indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
HWDkg4.79E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.94E-73.37E-61.58E-61.86E-70.00E+0
NHWDkg6.63E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.14E-46.55E-31.95E-41.00E-10.00E+0
RWDkg4.84E-5NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND8.71E-92.72E-89.42E-82.24E-90.00E+0
AcronymsHWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Output flow indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
CRUkg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
MFRkg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0-9.00E-1
MERkg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
EEEMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
EETMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
AcronymsCRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Additional environmental information

Energy used during the production process—including electricity for drawing and forming the steel fibers—is primarily sourced from renewable energy. Continental Steel operates an onsite photovoltaic (PV) system that supplies electricity directly to the facility and the grid. When solar generation is insufficient, additional electricity is drawn from the grid, backed by unbundled Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs).

These RECs, purchased under a green energy tariff agreement with the electricity provider, ensure that the grid electricity used is matched with renewable sources. According to the supplier, the renewable mix primarily includes solar and wind energy. RECs are typically issued within one year of consumption, and Continental Steel pays a premium (green energy tariff) to support this renewable energy procurement.

Information related to EPDs of multiple products

Description of how the averages have been determinedThis EPD is based on the production mix of 80% 0.9 mm, 10% 1.0 mm, and 10% 0.75 mm (mass-basis). The production mix is based on the production line’s capability and anticipated market demand.

References

• General Programme Instructions of the International EPD® System. Version 4.0.

• PCR 2019:14. Construction products (EN 15804:2012+A2:2019) Version 1.3.4.

• ISO 14025:2006, Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — Principles and procedures.

• ISO 14040:2006/Amd 1:2020Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework — Amendment 1

• ISO 14044:2006/Amd 2:2020Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines — Amendment 2

• EN 15804:2012+A2:2019, Sustainability of construction works — Environmental product declarations — Core rules for the product category of construction products

• Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs) Annex II Part C

• Ecoinvent Database, Version 3.9.1, 2023

• Worldsteel Life Cycle Inventory Study, requested on 2025

• TATA Steel Manufacturing (Thailand) via CARES Certification. (2025). Environmental Product Declaration:Carbon steel wire rod (Secondary production – scrap). BREG EN EPD No. 0011. Retrieved from CARES EPD No. 0011

• L. Christian, T. Jean-Sebastien, A. Nick, B. Jan and L. Tikana, “Tackling recycling aspects in en15804,” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://faktaomkoppar.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Tackling_recycling_aspects_in_en15804.pdf.

• Z. Duan, Q. Huang, Q. Sun and Q. Zhang, “Comparative life cycle assessment of a reinforced concrete residential building with equivalent cross laminated timber alternatives in China,” Journal of Building Engineering, 15 December 2022  

• National Environment Agency’s Waste Statistics and overall recycling [Online] Available: NEA | National Environment Agency

• Kaeseberg, S., Schmidt, E., & Holschemacher, K. (2024). Recycling methods for steel fiber reinforced concrete. In V. Gribniak, A. Rimkus, K. Holschemacher, U. Quapp, A. Singh, & S. Yazdani (Eds.), Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction, 11(2), MAT-04-1. ISEC Press. https://www.doi.org/10.14455/ISEC.2024.11(2).MAT-04 

Version history

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