EPD-IES-0022241:003

SUMO™ steel for Panel. Substrate AM8O coating at 0.42mm BMT

SUMO™ steel for Panel consists of a substrate steel with a metallic coating incorporating BlueScope’s patented alloy coated technology (hot dipped aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy AM80 coating) to provide corrosion resistance. It is then further protected and enhanced with a specially developed, exterior-grade, oven-baked paint system, with the backing coat specifically formulated for sandwich panel applications, provide optimal adhesion to the insulation layer. This is a steel product designed specifically for the manufacture of insulated panels (sandwich panels) for exterior and interior building use. The metallic coated base steel (G300, G550 or as the requirement of customer strength grade) conforms to AS1397:2021: Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steel sheet and strip - Coatings of zinc and zinc alloyed with aluminium and magnesium. On the other hand, the product also conforms to AS AS/NZS 1365, AS/NZS1530.3, TCVN 13027 and the product is manufactured at an ISO 9001-2015 certified site. The paint system meets the performance requirements of AS/NZS 2728:2013: Prefinished/pre painted sheet metal products for interior/exterior building applications - Performance requirements. The SUMO™ steel for Panel range offers base metal thicknesses from 0.29 mm to 0.42 mm. While the coating layer and production process remain consistent, the thickness and weight of the base metal vary. These variations use the same coating type (same materials and thickness), with the base metal thickness being the only physical difference. This Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) focuses on the 0.42 mm thickness, chosen as the representative product due to its highest annual production volume and consumer preference. This thickness provides an ideal balance of durability and versatility, making it the preferred choice for numerous applications. The A1-A3 Environmental Impact Data for other thicknesses have been individually assessed, with their Global Warming Potential (GWP) detailed in the Additional results for various thicknesses.

General information

EPD OwnerNS BlueScope Vietnam Co., Ltd.
Registration numberEPD-IES-0022241:003
PCR2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) 1.3.4
StatusValid
Publication date2025-06-18
Valid until2030-05-31
EN 15804 compliantYes
Geographical scopeVietnam

Product images

Programme information

ProgrammeInternational EPD System
AddressEPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden
Websitewww.environdec.com
E-mailsupport@environdec.com

Product category rules

CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR)
Product Category Rules (PCR)2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) 1.3.4
PCR review was conducted byThe Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Claudia A. Peña, University of Concepción, Chile. The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support.

Verification

LCA accountabilitythunguyen@greenviet.net, thunguyen@greenviet.net, NS BlueScope Vietnam Co., Ltd.
Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via
Third-party verifierRui Wang (IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute )
Approved byInternational EPD System
Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier
*EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.envrondec.com.

Ownership and limitation on use of EPD

Limitations

EPDs within the same product category but registered in different EPD programmes may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same version number up to the first two digits) or be based on fully-aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have equivalent system boundaries and descriptions of data; apply equivalent data quality requirements, methods of data collection, and allocation methods; apply identical cut-off rules and impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); have equivalent content declarations; and be valid at the time of comparison.

Ownership

The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.

Information about EPD Owner

EPD OwnerNS BlueScope Vietnam Co., Ltd.
Contact person name NS BlueScope Vietnam Co., Ltd.
Contact person e-mailenquiries.vietnam@bluescope.com
Organisation addressViet Nam Phu My City, Ba Ria Vung Tau Province 790000 Phu My 1 Industrial Zone, Phu My Ward

Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner

The NS BlueScope Vietnam factory in Ba Ria Vung Tau Province produces aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy-coated steel and pre-painted aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy-coated steel. Covering an area of 11.85 hectares, the facility consists of three main production lines: the Metal Coating Line (MCL), the Coil Painting Line (CPL), and the Combined Slitting Line (CSL). Additionally, the plant is equipped with auxiliary systems such as wastewater treatment, cooling water, compressed air supply, generators, and a product quality inspection room. The primary products are aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy-coated steel coils and pre-painted aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy-coated steel coils, with raw materials including Cold Rolled Steel, aluminium, zinc, magnesium, paint, and treatment chemicals.

Organisation logo

Product information

Product nameSUMO™ steel for Panel. Substrate AM8O coating at 0.42mm BMT
Product identificationEPD-IES-0022241:002
Product descriptionSUMO™ steel for Panel consists of a substrate steel with a metallic coating incorporating BlueScope’s patented alloy coated technology (hot dipped aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy AM80 coating) to provide corrosion resistance. It is then further protected and enhanced with a specially developed, exterior-grade, oven-baked paint system, with the backing coat specifically formulated for sandwich panel applications, provide optimal adhesion to the insulation layer. This is a steel product designed specifically for the manufacture of insulated panels (sandwich panels) for exterior and interior building use. The metallic coated base steel (G300, G550 or as the requirement of customer strength grade) conforms to AS1397:2021: Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steel sheet and strip - Coatings of zinc and zinc alloyed with aluminium and magnesium. On the other hand, the product also conforms to AS AS/NZS 1365, AS/NZS1530.3, TCVN 13027 and the product is manufactured at an ISO 9001-2015 certified site. The paint system meets the performance requirements of AS/NZS 2728:2013: Prefinished/pre painted sheet metal products for interior/exterior building applications - Performance requirements. The SUMO™ steel for Panel range offers base metal thicknesses from 0.29 mm to 0.42 mm. While the coating layer and production process remain consistent, the thickness and weight of the base metal vary. These variations use the same coating type (same materials and thickness), with the base metal thickness being the only physical difference. This Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) focuses on the 0.42 mm thickness, chosen as the representative product due to its highest annual production volume and consumer preference. This thickness provides an ideal balance of durability and versatility, making it the preferred choice for numerous applications. The A1-A3 Environmental Impact Data for other thicknesses have been individually assessed, with their Global Warming Potential (GWP) detailed in the Additional results for various thicknesses.
Technical purpose of productCoating mass: AM80 for both sides Pre-treatment for both sides Top paint: Primer 5µm + Top coat 12 µm Backer paint: Back coat 5µm
Manufacturing or service provision descriptionSUMO™ steel for Panel is the finished product of the Coil Painting Line (CPL). CPL is composed of three major operations: entry, process (painting, oven and cooling), exit. Its major raw material is WIP (Work In Process) from the Metal Coating Line (MCL). At MCL, the steel is annealed to the required strength, metallic coated for corrosion resistance, skin passed for improved surface finish, and pre-treatment for increased surface protection and adherence, and apply paint primer layer. The metallic coated coil is then transferred to the CPL, where finish coat layers are baked to produce the SUMO™ steel for Panel product before recoiling and packaging ready for shipment to customers for processing.
Material propertiesArea density: 3.29 kg/m2
Production siteNS BlueScope Vietnam Co., Ltd. Viet Nam Ba Ria Vung Tau Province 790000 Phu My 1 Industrial Zone, Phu My Ward, Phu My City
UN CPC code41231. Flat-rolled products of non-alloy steel, clad, plated, coated or otherwise further worked
Geographical scopeVietnam

Content declaration

Content declaration of multiple productsThe SUMO™ steel for Panel range offers base metal thicknesses from 0.29 mm to 0.42 mm. While the coating layer and production process remain consistent, the thickness and weight of the base metal vary. These variations use the same coating type (same materials and thickness), with the base metal thickness being the only physical difference.
Hazardous and toxic substancesThe product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight.
Product content
Content nameWeight, kgPost-consumer recycled material, weight-% of productBiogenic material, weight-% of productBiogenic material1, kg C/declared unit
Carbon Steel 3.1600
Coatings0.19000
Total3.29600
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2
Packaging materials
Material nameWeight, kgWeight-% (versus the product)Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit
Plastic & Steel0.010.260
Total0.010.260
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2

LCA information

EPD based on declared or functional unitDeclared unit
Declared unit and reference flow One flat square meter (1 m2) of SUMO™ steel for Panel manufactured by NS BlueScope Vietnam Area: 1 m2
Conversion factor to mass3.29
Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes?
Datasources used for this EPDecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.10 database
LCA SoftwareOne Click LCA March 2025
Version of the EN 15804 reference packageEF Reference Package 3.1
Technology description including background systemSUMO™ steel for Panel is the finished product of the Coil Painting Line (CPL). CPL is composed of three major operations: entry, process (painting, oven and cooling), exit. Its major raw material is WIP (Work In Process) from the Metal Coating Line (MCL). At MCL, the steel is annealed to the required strength, metallic coated for corrosion resistance, skin passed for improved surface finish, and pre-treatment for increased surface protection and adherence, and apply paint primer layer. The metallic coated coil is then transferred to the CPL, where finish coat layers are baked to produce the SUMO™ steel for Panel product before recoiling and packaging ready for shipment to customers for processing.
Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution levelLess than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs

Data quality assessment and reference years

Description of data quality assessment and reference years This study is based on an annual average for the period January 2023 to December 2023.
Electricity data
Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3
Type of electricity mixSpecific electricity mix as generated, or purchased from an electricity supplier, demonstrated by a contractual instrument
Energy sourcesHydro100%
Wind0%
Solar0%
Biomass0%
Geothermal0%
Waste0%
Nuclear0%
Natural gas0%
Coal0%
Oil0%
Peat0%
Other0%
GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh)0.67 kg CO2 eq./kWh

System boundary

Description of the system boundarya) Cradle to gate with modules C1-C4 and module D (A1-A3 + C + D).
Excluded modulesNo, there is no excluded module, or there are no excluded modules

Declared modules

Product stageConstruction process stageUse stageEnd of life stageBeyond product life cycle
Raw material supplyTransportManufacturingTransport to siteConstruction installationUseMaintenanceRepairReplacementRefurbishmentOperational energy useOperational water useDe-construction demolitionTransportWaste processingDisposalReuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential
ModuleA1A2A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Modules declaredXXXNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDXXXXX
GeographyVietnamVietnamVietnamN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AVietnamVietnamVietnamVietnamVietnam
Share of specific data6%--------------
Variation - products0%--------------
Variation - sites0%--------------

Process flow diagram(s) related images

Default scenario

Name of the default scenarioN/A
Description of the default scenarioN/A

Module C: End-of-life

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module CBaseline
Brief description of the default scenario in module CEoL scenario for the product
Description of the default scenario in module CEnd of life stage includes deconstruction/demolition (C1), transport to waste processing (C2), waste processing for reuse, recovery and/or recycling (C3) and disposal (C4).

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module DBaseline
Brief description of the default scenario in module DProduct recycling
Description of the default scenario in module DDue to the recycling process, the end-of-life product is converted into recycled steel.

Environmental performance

The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.

Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - totalGWP-totalkg CO2 eq.1.13E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.19E-23.54E-25.75E-23.08E-3-2.42E+0
Climate change - fossilGWP-fossilkg CO2 eq.1.13E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.19E-23.54E-25.74E-23.08E-3-2.42E+0
Climate change - biogenicGWP-biogenickg CO2 eq.1.95E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+02.71E-3
Climate change - land use and land-use changeGWP-luluckg CO2 eq.7.16E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.21E-61.58E-56.51E-51.76E-61.41E-4
Ozone depletionODPkg CFC-11 eq.6.02E-8NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.82E-105.23E-103.31E-108.92E-11-4.06E-9
AcidificationAPmol H+ eq.5.82E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.07E-41.21E-43.70E-42.18E-5-8.50E-3
Eutrophication aquatic freshwaterEP-freshwaterkg P eq.3.91E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.42E-72.76E-62.49E-52.53E-7-7.58E-4
Eutrophication aquatic marineEP-marinekg N eq.1.02E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.97E-53.97E-41.76E-48.33E-6-1.27E-3
Eutrophication terrestrialEP-terrestrialmol N eq.1.08E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND5.44E-44.32E-31.08E-39.09E-5-2.25E-2
Photochemical ozone formationPOCPkg NMVOC eq.6.46E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.62E-41.78E-43.56E-43.26E-5-6.66E-3
Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metalsADP-minerals&metals1kg Sb eq.1.17E-4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND4.25E-99.88E-81.09E-64.89E-9-3.71E-5
Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuelsADP-fossil1MJ, net calorific value1.24E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.55E-15.14E-14.75E-17.56E-2-1.97E+1
Water useWDP1m3 world eq. deprived3.47E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.88E-42.54E-31.03E-22.18E-43.60E-1
AcronymsGWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator

Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - GWP-GHGGWP-GHG1kg CO2 eq.1.13E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.19E-23.54E-25.75E-23.08E-3-2.42E+0
AcronymsGWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero.

Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Particulate matter emissionsPMDisease incidence9.68E-7NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND3.04E-93.55E-93.86E-84.97E-10-1.68E-7
Ionizing radiation - human healthIRP1kBq U235 eq.2.66E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.87E-54.48E-42.54E-34.75E-52.92E-2
Eco-toxicity - freshwaterETP-fw2CTUe4.91E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND8.54E-37.27E-21.78E+06.34E-31.54E+1
Human toxicity - cancer effectsHTP-c2CTUh1.13E-8NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.22E-125.84E-123.38E-105.68E-131.18E-9
Human toxicity - non-cancer effectsHTP-nc2CTUh1.15E-7NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.93E-113.33E-103.03E-91.30E-111.86E-7
Land-use related impacts/soil qualitySQP2Dimensionless3.15E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.09E-25.18E-12.40E+01.49E+0-9.84E+0
AcronymsPM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.
Disclaimer 2The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator.

Resource use indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
PEREMJ, net calorific value1.07E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND9.83E-47.04E-36.66E-27.30E-4-2.98E+0
PERMMJ, net calorific value7.66E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
PERTMJ, net calorific value1.07E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND9.83E-47.04E-36.66E-27.30E-4-2.98E+0
PENREMJ, net calorific value1.12E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.55E-15.14E-14.75E-17.56E-2-1.97E+1
PENRMMJ, net calorific value3.84E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0-1.06E-10.00E+0
PENRTMJ, net calorific value1.16E+2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.55E-15.14E-14.75E-1-1.97E-1-1.97E+1
SMkg8.68E-1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND6.44E-52.19E-48.53E-41.90E-51.62E+0
RSFMJ, net calorific value9.94E-4NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.68E-72.78E-66.75E-53.93E-7-3.56E-4
NRSFMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
FWm38.14E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.03E-57.60E-52.42E-47.81E-5-7.82E-2
AcronymsPERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Waste indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
HWDkg3.65E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.73E-48.71E-44.82E-38.35E-5-1.43E+0
NHWDkg2.58E+1NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND2.35E-31.61E-21.92E-11.91E-33.57E+1
RWDkg6.83E-5NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND1.69E-81.10E-76.20E-71.16E-86.72E-6
AcronymsHWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Output flow indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
CRUkg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
MFRkg4.74E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+02.80E-10.00E+00.00E+0
MERkg0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
EEEMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
EETMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
AcronymsCRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Information related to EPDs of multiple products

Justification for why this is representativeProduction

References

EPD International (2024). General Programme Instructions of the international EPD® system. Version 5.0.1. environdec.com.

EPD International (2024). General Programme Instructions of the international EPD® system. Version 4.0. environdec.com.

International EPD System PCR 2019:14 Construction products, version 1.3.4 (2024.04.30).

ISO 14025:2010 Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations. Principles and procedures. 

ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Principles and framework.

ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management. Life cycle assessment. Requirements and guidelines.

EN 15804:2012 +A2:2019 : Sustainability in construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products.

AS 1397:2021: Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steel sheet and strip - Coatings of zinc and zinc alloyed with aluminium and magnesium.

AS/NZS 1365 Tolerances for flat-rolled steel products.

AS/NZS 1530.3. Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures - Simultaneous determination of ignitability, flame propagation, heat release and smoke release.

TCVN 13027 Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steel sheet and strip 55% aluminium-zinc and 52% aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy coatings.

ISO 9001-2015 Quality management systems — Requirements.

Ecoinvent database v3.10.1 (2025) and One Click LCA database.

World Steel Association (2021) - Life cycle inventory (LCI) study report.

Version history

v1.0 Initial release. v2.0 Updated product description and process diagram in IES platform.