EPD-IES-0019868:004

ECOCOBRE (FRHC) COPPER WIRE ROD

FRHC copper wire rods are highly versatile and widely utilized in various electrical and industrial sectors due to their high conductivity and cost efficiency. Common applications include the production of wires, electrical conductors, busbars, and cables, particularly in renewable energy projects and large-scale power distribution systems. The wire rods can be easily drawn into thinner wires or shaped into other forms, offering flexibility in design and application while ensuring reliable and durable performance in harsh environmental conditions.

General information

EPD OwnerIBRAME INDÚSTRIA BRASILEIRA DE METAIS S/A
Registration numberEPD-IES-0019868:004
PCR2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) 1.3.4
StatusValid
Publication date2025-02-17
Valid until2030-02-16
EN 15804 compliantYes
Geographical scopeGlobal, Brazil

Product images

Programme information

ProgrammeInternational EPD System
AddressEPD International AB Box 210 60 SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden
Websitewww.environdec.com
E-mailsupport@environdec.com

Product category rules

CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR)
Product Category Rules (PCR)PCR 2019:14 Construction products (EN 15804+A2) (1.3.4)
PCR review was conducted byThe Technical Committee of the International EPD System. See www.environdec.com for a list of members. Review chair: Claudia A. Peña, University of Concepción, Chile. The review panel may be contacted via the Secretariat www.environdec.com/support.

Verification

LCA accountabilityHenrique, henrique@enciclo.com.br, IBRAME INDÚSTRIA BRASILEIRA DE METAIS S/A guilherme@enciclo.com.br, guilherme@enciclo.com.br, IBRAME INDÚSTRIA BRASILEIRA DE METAIS S/A
Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006, via
Third-party verifierClaudia A. Peña (Addere Consultores)
Approved byInternational EPD System
Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier
*EPD Process Certification involves an accredited certification body certifying and periodically auditing the EPD process and conducting external and independent verification of EPDs that are regularly published. More information can be found in the General Programme Instructions on www.envrondec.com.

Ownership and limitation on use of EPD

Limitations

EPDs within the same product category but registered in different EPD programmes may not be comparable. For two EPDs to be comparable, they shall be based on the same PCR (including the same version number up to the first two digits) or be based on fully-aligned PCRs or versions of PCRs; cover products with identical functions, technical performances and use (e.g. identical declared/functional units); have equivalent system boundaries and descriptions of data; apply equivalent data quality requirements, methods of data collection, and allocation methods; apply identical cut-off rules and impact assessment methods (including the same version of characterisation factors); have equivalent content declarations; and be valid at the time of comparison.

Ownership

The EPD Owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD.

Information about EPD Owner

EPD OwnerIBRAME INDÚSTRIA BRASILEIRA DE METAIS S/A
Contact person nameCINTIA PERALI
Contact person e-mailepd@grupoibrame.com.br
Organisation addressBrazil ITATIAIA 27580000 RUA TONINO BARGI, 308, BLOCOS AB, JARDIM ITAITIAIA, ITATIAIA, RIO DE JANEIRO - BRAZIL CEP 27580000

Description of the organisation of the EPD Owner

Ibrame Indústria Brasileira de Metais S.A. is a prominent Brazilian company specializing in the production and commercialization of non-ferrous metals, particularly copper and aluminum. Established over 65 years ago, Ibrame has become a leading player in the metal industry within Brazil. Ibrame offers a diverse range of products made from copper and aluminum. These products cater to various sectors, including construction, engineering, and manufacturing. The company emphasizes quality and innovation in its manufacturing processes to meet the demands of its clients.

Organisation logo

Product information

Product nameEcocobre FRHC Copper Wire Rod
Product identificationFRHC (Fire-Refined High Conductivity) copper wire rod is a high-quality copper material produced through the fire-refining process, typically using scrap copper as the primary source. The refining process removes impurities and increases the copper’s conductivity, making it ideal for electrical applications. FRHC copper wire rods have a copper content of at least 99.5%, offering excellent electrical conductivity, thermal properties, and corrosion resistance. These characteristics make FRHC copper a sustainable and cost-effective choice for a wide range of industrial uses, especially in electrical power generation, transmission, and manufacturing of wires and cables.
Product descriptionFRHC copper wire rods are highly versatile and widely utilized in various electrical and industrial sectors due to their high conductivity and cost efficiency. Common applications include the production of wires, electrical conductors, busbars, and cables, particularly in renewable energy projects and large-scale power distribution systems. The wire rods can be easily drawn into thinner wires or shaped into other forms, offering flexibility in design and application while ensuring reliable and durable performance in harsh environmental conditions.
Technical purpose of productCopper wire rod used for drawing in the manufacture of energy conductors and other segments.
Manufacturing or service provision descriptionFRHC Copper Wire Rod is made from copper scrap. The recycling of copper begins with the collection and sorting of scrap materials, which are then processed through mechanical shredding and melting to remove impurities. Upon arrival, the scrap is received, sorted, and cleaned before entering to the Refining Furnace. The molten copper is then poured into a Tundish, which regulates temperature and serves as feeder to the Casting Wheel, where it is formed into continuous ingots. These ingots are cooled and cut using an Automatic Scissor (Shear). By-products generated during this stage include copper slag, which is also recycled within the process (closed-loop cycle). The copper bars then undergo a Knife Process to smooth edges and remove any irregularities before entering the Rolling Mill. During this stage, the copper is shaped and its thickness is reduced. Following the rolling process, the copper rods are subjected to Pickling (to remove surface impurities) and Quenching (to cool and harden the material). This is followed by a Wax Application to protect the copper rods from oxidation. Finally, in the Coiling and Packaging phase, the copper rods are inspected for quality, coiled, and packaged using materials such as plastic film and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) wrapping.
Material propertiesThickness: 0.008 m
Production siteBrazil Itatiaia 27580-000 Rua Tonino Bargi, 308 Jardim Itatiaia – Itatiaia/RJ - Brasil
UN CPC code41513. Wire of copper
Geographical scopeGlobal, Brazil
Geographical scope descriptionSupply chain is global, manufacturing occurs in Brazil while the consumer market is also predominatly located in Brazil.

Content declaration

Hazardous and toxic substancesThe product does not contain any substances from the SVHC candidate list in concentrations exceeding 0.1% of its weight.
Product content
Content nameWeight, kgPost-consumer recycled material, weight-% of productBiogenic material, weight-% of productBiogenic material1, kg C/declared unit
copper scrap0.989800
Others0.02000
Total19800
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2
Packaging materials
Material nameWeight, kgWeight-% (versus the product)Biogenic material1, kg C/declared unit
Wood pallet0.0220.1
Total0.0220.10
Note 11 kg biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2

LCA information

EPD based on declared or functional unitDeclared unit
Declared unit and reference flowFRHC Copper Wire Rod Mass: 1 kg
Conversion factor to mass1
Are infrastructure or capital goods included in any upstream, core or downstream processes?
Datasources used for this EPDecoinvent database (general) ecoinvent 3.10 database
LCA SoftwareSimaPro SimaPro 9.6
Additional information about the underlying LCA-based informationEF Reference Package 3.1 Time representativeness of data: January 2023 – December 2023
Version of the EN 15804 reference packageEF Reference Package 3.1
Technology description including background systemThe product is the FRHC (Fire-Refined High Conductivity) copper wire rod, also know as Ecocobre. It is a high-quality copper material produced through the fire-refining process, using scrap copper as the primary source. The refining process removes impurities and increases the copper’s conductivity, making it ideal for electrical applications. FRHC copper wire rods have a copper content of at least 99.5%, offering excellent electrical conductivity, thermal properties, and corrosion resistance. These characteristics make FRHC copper a sustainable and cost-effective choice for a wide range of industrial uses, especially in electrical power generation, transmission, and manufacturing of wires and cables.
Scrap (recycled material) inputs contribution levelLess than 10% of the GWP-GHG results in modules A1-A3 come from scrap inputs

Data quality assessment and reference years

Description of data quality assessment and reference yearsTime representativeness of data: January 2023 – December 2023
Data quality assessment and reference years
Process nameSource typeSourceReference yearData categoryShare of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A3
Total share of primary data, of GWP-GHG results for A1-A30%
The share of primary data is calculated based on GWP-GHG results. It is a simplified indicator for data quality that do not capture all relevant aspects of data quality. The indicator is not comparable across product categories.
Electricity data
Electricity used in the manufacturing process in A3
Type of electricity mixResidual electricity mix on the market
Energy sourcesHydro34%
Wind0%
Solar0%
Biomass10%
Geothermal0%
Waste0%
Nuclear4%
Natural gas15%
Coal0%
Oil3%
Peat0%
Other34%
GWP-GHG intensity (kg CO2 eq./kWh)0.21 kg CO2 eq./kWh

System boundary

Description of the system boundaryb) Cradle to gate with options, modules C1-C4, module D and with optional modules (A1-A3 + C + D and additional modules).
Excluded modulesYes, there is an excluded module, or there are excluded modules
Justification for the omission of modulesThe wire rods will be distributed to manufacturers who will apply additional processes (e.g., drawing) before further distribution and utilization in the retail market. In this context, estimating module A4 and B modules have not been included.

Declared modules

Product stageConstruction process stageUse stageEnd of life stageBeyond product life cycle
Raw material supplyTransportManufacturingTransport to siteConstruction installationUseMaintenanceRepairReplacementRefurbishmentOperational energy useOperational water useDe-construction demolitionTransportWaste processingDisposalReuse-Recovery-Recycling-potential
ModuleA1A2A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Modules declaredXXXNDXNDNDNDNDNDNDNDXXXXX
GeographyGlobalGlobalBrazilN/ABrazilN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/ABrazilBrazilBrazilBrazilBrazil
Share of specific data80%--------------
Variation - products0%--------------
Variation - sites0%--------------
DisclaimerThe share of specific/primary data and both variations (products and sites) refer to GWP-GHG results only.

Description of the process flow diagram(s)

Cradle to gate with options, modules C1–C4, module D and with optional modules (A1–A3 + C + D and additional modules). The additional module considered is A5. The wire rods will be distributed to manufacturers who will apply additional processes (e.g., drawing) before further distribution and utilization in the retail market. In this context, estimating the transportation distance between the production facility and the end user (installation site) is unfeasible. Therefore, module A4 has not been included. Similarly, it is also unfeasible to identify or characterize any specific application for which the product will be used. Consequently, the B modules have not been included either.

Process flow diagram(s) related images

Default scenario

Name of the default scenarioBaseline
Description of the default scenarioCradle to gate with options, modules C1–C4, module D and with optional modules (A1–A3 + C + D and additional modules). The additional module considered is A5.

Module A5: Installation in the building

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module A5Baseline
Brief description of the default scenario in module A5Packaging waste transportation and treatment due to biogenic carbon content
Description of the default scenario in module A5This module is included in the assessment due to the presence of biogenic carbon in the packaging materials used for the wire rods. Therefore, the key factors considered in this module include the transportation of the packaging materials and their final disposal. Following a conservative approach, it is assumed that the packaging materials are sent to a sanitary landfill for final treatment.

Module C: End-of-life

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module CBaseline
Brief description of the default scenario in module CEoL scenario for the product
Description of the default scenario in module CThe waste processing includes a decosntruction process, waste transportation, cable stripping and material separation. It was assumed 45.5% of copperr recycling rate. (IEA, 2021). The portion of the materials that is not recovered for recycling during waste processing is assumed to be sent to sanitary landfills. This includes fractions of copper that cannot be economically or technically processed for recovery. The disposal rates are as follows: 54.5% of the material is sent to landfill (IEA, 2021).

Module D: Beyond product life cycle

Explanatory name of the default scenario in module DBaseline
Brief description of the default scenario in module DProduct recycling
Description of the default scenario in module DThis module represents the environmental benefits associated with the recycling of copper processed in C3. The recycled fractions of these materials are assumed to offset the production of an equivalent quantity of virgin material. The avoided impacts are calculated considering a global recycling rate (R2) of 45.5%, replacing virgin copper production (IEA, 2021).

Environmental performance

The estimated impact results are only relative statements, which do not indicate the endpoints of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety margins and/or risks.

Mandatory environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - totalGWP-totalkg CO2 eq.8.53E-1ND4.04E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDND2.15E-31.75E-26.64E-21.22E-21.16E+1
Climate change - fossilGWP-fossilkg CO2 eq.8.30E-1ND2.87E-4NDNDNDNDNDNDND2.15E-31.63E-25.87E-21.21E-21.16E+1
Climate change - biogenicGWP-biogenickg CO2 eq.1.46E-2ND3.75E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDND7.68E-73.22E-45.10E-38.86E-57.07E-4
Climate change - land use and land-use changeGWP-luluckg CO2 eq.8.87E-3ND6.72E-6NDNDNDNDNDNDND3.97E-78.53E-42.56E-31.48E-51.55E-2
Ozone depletionODPkg CFC-11 eq.3.17E-8ND7.09E-12NDNDNDNDNDNDND9.51E-117.34E-102.21E-92.26E-104.73E-8
AcidificationAPmol H+ eq.5.28E-3ND2.27E-6NDNDNDNDNDNDND2.05E-56.47E-52.89E-47.03E-57.52E-2
Eutrophication aquatic freshwaterEP-freshwaterkg P eq.6.85E-6ND5.60E-9NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.14E-96.68E-86.13E-71.78E-73.50E-4
Eutrophication aquatic marineEP-marinekg N eq.1.75E-3ND1.37E-6NDNDNDNDNDNDND9.93E-63.50E-51.13E-43.15E-51.17E-2
Eutrophication terrestrialEP-terrestrialmol N eq.1.89E-2ND1.18E-5NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.09E-43.04E-41.09E-32.77E-41.30E-1
Photochemical ozone formationPOCPkg NMVOC eq.5.31E-3ND5.36E-6NDNDNDNDNDNDND3.14E-59.34E-53.50E-48.47E-53.95E-2
Depletion of abiotic resources - minerals and metalsADP-minerals&metals1kg Sb eq.1.45E-5ND2.22E-11NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.15E-102.32E-96.87E-93.10E-9-4.49E-5
Depletion of abiotic resources - fossil fuelsADP-fossil1MJ, net calorific value9.68E+0ND2.79E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDND2.88E-22.15E-18.95E-12.09E-11.06E+2
Water useWDP1m3 world eq. deprived3.90E-1ND1.61E-5NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.55E-41.74E-35.57E-20.00E+07.69E-1
AcronymsGWP-fossil = Global Warming Potential fossil fuels; GWP-biogenic = Global Warming Potential biogenic; GWP-luluc = Global Warming Potential land use and land use change; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance; EP-freshwater = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end compartment; EP-marine = Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients reaching marine end compartment; EP-terrestrial = Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone; ADP-minerals&metals = Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources; ADP-fossil = Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential; WDP = Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water consumption
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator

Additional mandatory environmental performance indicators

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Climate change - GWP-GHGGWP-GHG1kg CO2 eq.8.48E-1ND2.62E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDND2.15E-31.72E-26.29E-21.22E-21.16E+1
AcronymsGWP-GHG = Global warming potential greenhouse gas.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1The GWP-GHG indicator is termed GWP-IOBC/GHG in the ILCD+EPD+ data format. The indicator accounts for all greenhouse gases except biogenic carbon dioxide uptake and emissions and biogenic carbon stored in the product. As such, the indicator is identical to GWP-total except that the CF for biogenic CO2 is set to zero.

Additional voluntary environmental performance indicators according to EN 15804

Impact categoryIndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
Particulate matter emissionsPMDisease incidence3.09E-8ND3.68E-11NDNDNDNDNDNDND6.01E-101.75E-94.79E-91.26E-99.75E-7
Ionizing radiation - human healthIRP1kBq U235 eq.8.00E-3ND2.01E-7NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.38E-61.28E-55.57E-41.65E-42.27E-2
Eco-toxicity - freshwaterETP-fw2CTUe3.31E+0ND8.32E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDND7.22E-48.60E-11.62E+09.60E+11.48E+1
Human toxicity - cancer effectsHTP-c2CTUh1.76E-9ND8.04E-13NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.46E-133.92E-123.00E-111.76E-118.86E-9
Human toxicity - non-cancer effectsHTP-nc2CTUh2.74E-9ND2.32E-11NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.71E-122.40E-107.40E-102.17E-96.33E-8
Land-use related impacts/soil qualitySQP2Dimensionless4.41E+0ND1.09E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDND5.19E-51.74E-21.17E-13.04E-11.00E+1
AcronymsPM = Potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions; IRP = Potential human exposure efficiency relative to U235; ETP-fw = Potential comparative toxic unit for ecosystems; HTP-c = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; HTP-nc = Potential comparative toxic unit for humans; SQP = Potential soil quality index.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).
Disclaimer 1This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.
Disclaimer 2The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties of these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator.

Resource use indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
PEREMJ, net calorific value2.06E+0ND2.00E-5NDNDNDNDNDNDND5.22E-52.21E-32.57E-15.00E-35.33E+0
PERMMJ, net calorific value3.30E-1ND0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
PERTMJ, net calorific value2.39E+0ND2.00E-5NDNDNDNDNDNDND5.22E-52.21E-32.57E-15.00E-35.33E+0
PENREMJ, net calorific value9.70E+0ND2.84E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDND2.88E-22.21E-19.06E-12.10E-11.06E+2
PENRMMJ, net calorific value2.41E-2ND0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
PENRTMJ, net calorific value9.72E+0ND2.84E-3NDNDNDNDNDNDND2.88E-22.21E-19.06E-12.10E-11.06E+2
SMkg1.53E-3ND3.85E-9NDNDNDNDNDNDND5.25E-81.85E-72.08E-61.72E-5-5.59E-1
RSFMJ, net calorific value1.31E-5ND6.33E-10NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.03E-82.31E-83.55E-76.81E-71.56E-4
NRSFMJ, net calorific value0.00E+0ND0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
FWm31.01E-2ND3.77E-7NDNDNDNDNDNDND3.62E-64.08E-51.33E-30.00E+02.29E-2
AcronymsPERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy re-sources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Waste indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
HWDkg2.54E-2ND2.26E-6NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.88E-61.83E-41.40E-31.52E-32.38E+0
NHWDkg3.27E-1ND2.05E-2NDNDNDNDNDNDND6.20E-56.65E-44.79E-22.98E+01.47E+1
RWDkg5.47E-6ND9.74E-11NDNDNDNDNDNDND5.61E-105.07E-93.95E-71.05E-71.29E-5
AcronymsHWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Output flow indicators according to EN 15804

IndicatorUnitA1-A3A4A5B1B2B3B4B5B6B7C1C2C3C4D
CRUkg0.00E+0ND0.00E+0NDNDNDNDNDNDND0.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+00.00E+0
MFRkg1.76E-5ND1.04E-10NDNDNDNDNDNDND7.26E-100.00E+02.09E-71.54E-6-8.10E-4
MERkg4.33E-5ND1.12E-11NDNDNDNDNDNDND3.41E-110.00E+01.40E-81.09E-81.47E-6
EEEMJ, net calorific value8.48E-4ND3.28E-8NDNDNDNDNDNDND1.73E-70.00E+05.66E-51.18E-30.00E+0
EETMJ, net calorific value5.95E-4ND2.70E-8NDNDNDNDNDNDND2.14E-70.00E+02.17E-58.06E-50.00E+0
AcronymsCRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy.
General disclaimerThe results of the end-of-life stage (modules C1-C4) should be considered when using the results of the product stage (modules A1-A3/A1-A5 for services).

Additional environmental information

N/A

Additional social and economic information

N/A

Conversion factors

N/A

Dangerous substances to indoor air, soil, and water during the use stage

N/A

References

BSI (2019) EN 15804+A2:2019 – Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Core rules for the product category of construction products. British Standard

International EPD System (2024) Construction products –PCR 2019:14 version 1.3.4

European Commission - Joint Research Centre (JRC). (n.d.). Developer EF: Environmental Footprint (EF) Life Cycle Data Network (LCDN). Retrieved from https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/LCDN/developerEF.html.

IEA (2021), End-of-life recycling rates for selected metals, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/end-of-life-recycling-rates-for-selected-metals, Licence: CC BY 4.0

IPCC (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.

ISO (2006a) 14025: Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations – Principles and procedures.

ISO (2006b) 14040: Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework.

ISO (2006c) 14044: Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and guidelines.

International EPD System (2021) General Programme Instructions for the International EPD® System. Version 4.0

PRé Sustainability. SimaPro 9.6.0.1 Software for Life Cycle Assessment. PRé Sustainability, Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Available at: https://simapro.com/

Version history

Original version of the EPD, 2025-02-17